{
  "search": [{
      "url": "/engine-inoperative-principles-in-a-twin-airplane/",
      "title": "Engine Inoperative Principles in a Twin Airplane",
      "text": "single engine multiengine airplanes behave differently event failure main reason faa requires separate ratings your pilot certificate multi aircraft following flight airplane one opportunity land within gliding distance adding engines redundancy would seem like natural solution problem fails twin remaining help fly safely nearest airport fact add layer safety power loss however many accidents occurred light even worked fine culprit asymmetrical thrust produced by force imbalance causes significant directional control performance takeoff may result 80 percent climb severe yaw rolling tendencies toward failed article ill address principles flying its side slip vs zero operating eliminate sideslip keeping inclinometers ball centered condition called which presents smallest profile relative wind producing minimum drag longer indication due asymmetric still lateral created rudder conventional equipment display cockpit simple string attached windshield make visible achieve inoperative need use aileron controls using place 12 13 outside cage towards roll apply bank ailerons operative opposing forces horizontal component lift these mnemonics remember correct technique raise dead functioning live foot give us best since cause reducing decrease similarly reduce increase typical loses increased decreased excess required critical whose adversely affect handling qualities far 11 propellers rotate clockwise pilots point view makes left four factors are responsible making p factor ccelerated slipstream piraling orque counter rotating manufacturers solved implementing right rotates configuration losing either have effect therefore high angles attack descending blade produces ascending arm cg creating shifts center resulting yawing tendency aircrafts greater closer amount accelerated wing generates directly behind areas airflow prop wash also propwash stronger induced propeller shift results strong moment pitch less negative stabilizer sideward twins brings wings spiraling corkscrew pattern back hits tail creates hit oppose better contract hitting torque every action opposite equal reaction newtons 3rd law motion turning applied rotation spinning maintain torques much difficult matter opposes v mc calibrated airspeed suddenly made possible that thereafter straight speed angle degrees method used simulate must represent mode powerplant expected service respect controllability 23149 published marked red line indicator actual changes different while remains close worst case scenario lower especially feathering engine8217s don8217t bet life vmc higher assume defined exceed s1 sse slightly buffer intentional operations never affected faster produce resist caused conditions considered manufacturer determining speeds handbook standard atmosphere 2345 unfavorable weight ground inop max available initially trimmed flaps set position cowl landing gear retracted windmilling 150 pounds heading 20 density altitude decreases good bad feathered increases aft extended recommended reading Amir Fleminger posts archived tutorial training",
      "type": "post"
    },{
      "url": "/c172s-sp-skyhawk-orientation/",
      "title": "C172S (SP) Skyhawk Orientation",
      "text": "warning document training purpose please refer your aircrafts poh making flight related decisions general metal airframe four place high wing single engine airplane tricycle gear nose two main gears opposed tail wheel semi monocoque structure that means skin attached stringers bulkheads structural devices carries part load one door side front seats rear baggage compartment left fuselage airspeed limitations symbol description indicated knots marking indicator v stall speed landing configuration 40 kias beginning white arc clean 48 green r rotation 55 marked x best angle climb 62 sea level 67 10000 y rate 74 72 fe max flap extended 10 flaps 110 30 85 ends maneuvering make full abrupt control maneuvers 105 takeoff weight 98 2200 lb 90 1900 cruising exceed except smooth air caution 129 end yellow ne never 163 red line weights aircraft certified normal utility categories depending balance specific ramp category 2558 2208 cat 2550 area 120 50 areas 12 combined operate compartments empty back seat occupied limit factors 38g 152g 30g 44g 176g textron lycoming io 360 l2a fuel injected o cylinders cu inch displacement 180 rated brakes horse power bhp 2700 rpm reciprocating normally aspirated intake boosted turbo super chargers direct drive reduction box used connection crank shaft prop cooled cooling fins liquid radiator horizontally accessories driven by vacuum pumps supply suction heading attitude indicators alternator magnetos powers separate ignition systems oil pump filter instruments pressure upper case translated electrical signal displayed gauge minimum lower 20 psi operating range maximum 115 temperature resistance type probe located accessory reading operation 100 245 f low annunciator illuminates drops activated automatic switch tachometer indicates engineprop revolutions per minute mechanically includes hour meter 2100 multiple widths indicate recommended settings 5000 feet respectively exhaust gas egt leaning mixture lean adjust cooler richer peak economy roughness may occur conditions lubrication system wet sump lubricates internal parts reducing friction assists dipstick right quantity quarts approved types aviation grade straight mineral first hours break new does include detergent additives ashless dispersant must detergents help sae depends outside run check least qt look leaks preflight gauges periodically combination have problem much long emergency procedures section routing gt strainer screen bypass valve cold allows go directly flow hot route baffle goes gtoil relief which regulates sending excessive while rest circulated various residual returns gravity propeller manufacturer mccauley model 1a170ejha7660 blades diameter 76 inches fixed pitch pieced forged aluminum alloy anodized prevent corrosion grades 100ll blue octane lead avgas also known 100130 integral tanks venting tank vent blocked are interconnected caps vented backup total capacity 56 us gallons tank28 usable 53 265 unusable filled bottom filler 175 13 drains cowling reservoir selector drain sumps drained eliminate waterother contaminants color three position shutoff cuts fire example auxiliary fails aids priming starting prime startup spillage start fuelair unit metering distribution manifold injection nozzles cylinder float transmitters measure amount instrument panel receives trust their accuracy always visually electrically connected transducer warnings l less 60 seconds illuminate transmitter failed advantages 172s carburetor like older models 172 evaporation icing ice better faster throttle response precise easier weather disadvantages difficulty due vapor lock operations days problems restarting quits starvation spark plugs magneto fires conducted allow efficient burning redundancy rotary positions its selected activates starter spring return releasing powered battery rely airplanes since provided induction exhust covered ducted tubes get different reasons commonly obstructed alternate automatically opens unfiltered cause loss directed muffler tailpipe pulled around shrouds constructed heated cabin crack carbon monoxide co poisoning controls dual conventional ailerons rudder elevator surfaces manually operated cables mechanical linkage controlled yoke pedals design reduces adverse yaw having forward positioned aileron stick little camber creates drag needed coordinate turn called frise cessna name differential deflect required compensation mention these trim tab slot actuated provides stops ampere circuit breaker labeled allowed steering wheels shock absorption tabular steel struts airoil strut rightleft vibrations reduced shimmy damper hydraulically disc using parking applied pressing top pulling brake lever rotating degrees release pushing 28 volt current dc amp 24 breakers protect equipment voltage surges push reset switchbreaker tripped twice fuses spade automotive style module spare inside glass fuse clock accessible pilot essential bus primary busses avionics avionic master switches turning connecting external source damage split rocker half cockpit via contactors keeping behind firewall away alt placed enough reconnect contactor ammeter fromto event functioning discharge needle charging minutes were remain value would overheat acu disconnect tripping fld condition sensor malfunctions turned observed voltmeter voltmeterclockoutside annunciated annunciation volts falls 245v ground service plug receptacle near connect Amir Fleminger posts archived reference training",
      "type": "post"
    },{
      "url": "/11-proven-study-techniques-that-make-you-a-better-pilot/",
      "title": "11 Proven Study Techniques That Will Make You a Better Pilot",
      "text": "pilots constantantly have study practice improve their skills following techniques help easily effectively making better pilot prepare your checkrides chair flying flight training involves learning new motor would much air learn relaxed safe environment while ground airline spend hours practicing procedures quotprocedure trainerquot non functional mockup cockpit they step expensive level d simulator actual aircraft that way already know what quotchair flyingquot simply act pretending fly seating procedure trainer front poster parking couch home locations work sure every normal abnormal emergency checklists reach hands approximate position switch lever knob required order build quotmuscle memoryquot flash cards huge amount details challenging system descriptions limitations regulations sops memory items are retained put use immediately time calls make remember buy pack index office supply store one side card write question quotwhat maximum takeoff weightquot answer quotnormal cat 2550 lbs utility 2200 lbsquot c 172s many need cover subjects including large pile start using read try flip see right aside answered keep reading ones got wrong until correctly quotcockpit songsquot sometimes familiar still difficulty performing steady pace reason thoughts nextquot slowing verbally later perform wont stumble example recovery low nose attitude quotreduce power wings slowly pitch upquot by could recall needed checkride even unusual encountered take verbal action list analyze ifquot scenarios important characteristic ability good timely decisions luckily trait practiced improved consider scenariosquot weather moves destination enroute divert enough fuel go engine failure roll happens get drift group studying people boost understanding material gain insights highlight marker essential ideas textbooks mnemonics acronyms aid retention quotblack square youre therequot john martha king repeat referring airport location signs although often sound goofy effective helping things visualization mental rehearsal helps us our correct errors visualize maneuver prior lessons technique used pro athletes game ask questions practical test requirements rating certificate whats expected surprised pc based pcatd despite simulators provide free cannot replace real valuable Amir Fleminger posts archived tutorial training",
      "type": "post"
    },{
      "url": "/first-fuel-first-fuel-cell-powered-piloted-aircraft-flies/",
      "title": "First Fuel Cell Powered Piloted Aircraft Flies",
      "text": "antares dlr h2 first manned aircraft able takeoff fly powered by fuel cells took its flight week july hamburg germany motor glider low noise footprint zero co2 emissions developed testbed cell technologies institute technical thermodynamics stuttgart collaboration lange aviation basf serenergy denmark system generates electrical power direct electromechanical reaction hydrogen ambient air oxygen product process water quotat stage have tapped fraction performance capabilities technology aerospace applications help us make much greater use these areas potentialquot stated dr josef kallo Amir Fleminger posts archived",
      "type": "post"
    },{
      "url": "/flight-training-in-the-21st-century/",
      "title": "Flight Training in the 21st Century",
      "text": "couple years ago typical flight school airplane using technologies that have changed little since 1950s even newly manufactured airplanes still had standard six pack mechanical instruments however dramatically systems garmin 1000 avidyne entegra quickly took general aviation market today find technically advanced aircraft taa sophisticated glass cockpit avionics almost everywhere are becoming new training replacing older generation quot6 packquot instrument panels taas many advantages they provide superb level situational awareness by showing moving maps weather infromation engine monitoring traffic information greater sophistication comes steeper learning curve initial private pilot license demanding enough itself adding picture makes lot difficult whole way adopted order prepare students checkride book quot21st century manual primary millenniumquot sean lane deals growing problem covers challenges pilots instructors face result technological advances hardware software infrastructure author introduces model called integrated sensory flying isf he explains maneuvers every instructor great detail approach discusses important concepts improve your procedures aeronautical decision making task prioritization help anyone studying also traditional panel highly recommend certificate Amir Fleminger posts archived book review training",
      "type": "post"
    },{
      "url": "/top-6-ways-building-flight-time/",
      "title": "Top 6 Ways To Building Your Flight Time",
      "text": "building flight time one significant challenges youll face beginning your pilot career article explore effective ways build experience particular are types times that need depending goals total command multi engine instrument cross country seems never stop turbine 121 pic later get next job flying expensive making challenge many people required their certificate kick starting careers although cant eliminate cost significantly reduce ithere way sharing rental costs safety strategic accumulate share another acting practices hood foggles simulating meteorological conditions imc far 91109 requires board pilots role observe traffic risks visual vmc while practicing flies solely by reference cockpit instruments faa allows simulated log may sole manipulator controls simultaneously quotactingquot important thing remember cannot parts takeoff landing since he legally quotunder hoodquot legality must agree beforehand who requirements private category class ratings appropriate aircraft flown have adequate vision forward side competent observer adequately supplement equipped dual throwover control wheel used single determines conducted safely person manipulating least license see 91109c exercising privileges they also current medical volunteering contributing non profit organizations like civil air patrol cap official civilian auxiliary us force great hours giving back community operates fleet small search rescue missions conducts orientation aerospace education flights its 12 18 year old cadets operate these minimum becoming certified instructor cfi saying goes quotteaching best form learningquot excellent knowledge gain paid helping others learn fly low jobs commercial start entry level examples include sightseeing authorized tour operators banner towing pipeline patrols imaging mapping companies challenging find market unfavorable still exist usually word mouth locating contacting youd work buying airplane cheapest option list ownership affordable think plain cessna 152 run 15000 good brand new information aopa amp two leading websites buy sell airplanes controller trade plane lease program local school schools dont instead owners operating relatively possibly always likely earn money consider make sure thoroughly review details contract opting solution strategies whether goal reaching minimums rating marketable airlines achieve Amir Fleminger posts archived tips",
      "type": "post"
    },{
      "url": "/deciphering-rnav-approach-minimas/",
      "title": "Deciphering RNAV Approach Minimas",
      "text": "gps rnav approach terminology confusing since modern procedures usually accommodate one type navigational equipment basic waas laas multi sensor fms chart older types specific required stated title example could fly vor rwy xx ils faa classifies instrument three categories non precision approaches provide lateral guidance left right course vertical glide path terrain clearance maintained step fixes minimum descent altitude mda pilot must stay until starting visual landing conditions are available shoot missed procedure upon reaching point which airport addition provided by glideslope follow decision da decide whether continue land immediately start apv describes like that fully comply icaos annex 10 requirements apvs flown ground based require expensive facilities installed around limited navigation hand area guide virtual waypoint does necessarily represent actual facility therefore make airports accessible bendix kns 80 capable vordme have been while flight management systems old style units compute your position bearing distance nearby vortac later were note cannot use titled unless also says used these developed early overlays existing their either aircraft designed completely new standalone unit nowadays effort reduce number charts consolidates different rnavgps approved many call main notation may limitations dmedme rnp 03 na minimas found lnav providing minimums ifr receivers augmentation feature called lnavv provides smooth however still flying lnavvnav using wide system receiver baro vnav lpv localizer performance unlike lpvs low equivalent category 200 ft height sm visibility final leg requires 40 meter 131 accuracy much precise nm requiremet legs lp refer equipped due important thing sure even airplane manual afm supplements list its gls gnss global satellite broad term describing usa glonassrussia galileo eu future allowed purpose youll need gbas local us higher level lower comparable ii iii garmin gns 430w statement given airspace center line 95 time added capability monitor achieved times rnavrnp notate values 013 019 01 names benefits they let navigate curved paths altitudes reducing atc radar vectoring communication highest throughout segment currently special aircrew training saaar authorization ar icao particular inputs additional sensors inertial reference result cant common general aviation see get tricky legal youre specified companys opspecs operation specifiaction documents recommended reading Amir Fleminger posts archived tutorial training rnav ifr",
      "type": "post"
    },{
      "url": "/guest-post-understanding-flying-book-review/",
      "title": "Guest Post: Understanding Flying - Book Review",
      "text": "youre head pilot school simply interested matter understanding flying by richard taylor great aviation book one miss intended reach beginning aviators gives subject ground information provided work achievement itself keeps digging hole dense vocabulary what left thorough yet entertaining read which ages are sure enjoy l author born 1924 founder president antique airplane association specializes preserving oldest planes world also written instrument fair weather positive ifr vfr pilots recreational he airpower museum located blakesburg iowa id venture guess mr knows thing two never questioned his authority providing advice while expert really enjoyed that refrained shoving your face speak doesnt talk readers expects inexperienced relatively unknowledgeable particularly chapter titled flight instruments check following passage different kettle magnetic fish deviation error its insidious ones almost always present small quantities change knowledge anything within aircraft generates field influence iron bars compass although they may trying show proper direction theyre deflected their purpose stray forces page 140 thought because starts identifying key term certainly goes were previously unaware explains important affects found experience addition text readable isnt saturated difficult terms appear like much truly appreciated approach took writing informative experiential easy best part entire reads first started getting involved books continues turn potential onto starting credibility prominent voice melds textbook quite well bore reader reading loved strongly recommend beginner chris oquist private web developer banyan shop south florida avid blogger article writer whose expertise includes supplies enthusiast passionate sharing things Chris Oquist posts archived book review training",
      "type": "post"
    },{
      "url": "/stop-chasing-needles/",
      "title": "Stop Chasing the Needles!",
      "text": "problem new pilots typically face controlling airplane tracking course inbound vor station closer aircraft approaches sensitive cdi becomes may try turn towards needle abruptly doing called quotchasing needlesquot get track make lose control situational awareness small corrections are key pass gets worse that point quickly move full deflection heading correction necessary needlequot could occur while courses usually use flight parameters airspeed altitude headings example cruising 5000 feet pilot might notice increases slightly he pushes yoke forward correct deviation uses little bit much force previously climbing starts descending what does our overcorrects direction climbs cycle keeps repeating itself resulting deviations heavy workload mention uncomfortable passengers precision flying better youll fly accurately smaller response instrument information instead chasing needles minor observe change desired parameter adjust enough increase decrease continuous feedback loop help high level prevent unwanted im talking maneuvers stall recovery would need deliberate input normal situations Amir Fleminger posts archived tutorial training",
      "type": "post"
    },{
      "url": "/intercept-and-track-vor/",
      "title": "Intercepting & Tracking VOR Courses",
      "text": "intercepting course means get start tracking stay desired track while correcting deviation mainly caused by crosswind intercept tune identify using vor navigation must its frequency make sure are receiving correct station equipment varies general procedure identifying dial listen confirm have morse code identifier check that warning flags present display newer automatically enter letters units decode stations id screen find your current position relative rotate omni bearing selector obs until needle centers best select staion corresponds direction inbound outbound displayed top choose angle calculate double difference use bearings otherwise quotradialsquot cap result minimum 20 maximum 90 x faas instrument flying handbook uses method however experience may methods long larger several factors affect choice including distance radial groundspeed example 300 want 350 50 100 since gt our 170 set fly heading note which side deflected left right towards chose step degrees determined 260 reverse sensing assumes cardinal match would cdi opposite avoid matching trying hsi problem eliminated complete begin turning corresponding choosing fast far lead turn take practice consider include ground speed goal keep centered perfect wind conditions remain matches rare real world deflects blowing way remember imagine quotthe needlequot traditional non wary instead becomes quotyou meaning goes youll away prevent going correction dont know trial error e6b fms electronic flight computer slightly back decrease closer become sensitive pass momentarily see full deflection chase worked moving center recommended reading Amir Fleminger posts navigation tutorial ifr",
      "type": "post"
    },{
      "url": "/IFR-quick-review-guide/",
      "title": "The IFR Quick-Review Study Guide",
      "text": "latest version v400 10 jan 2025 changelog description stressed your instrument checkride youre alone ifr quick review study guide designed eliminate that overwhelm replace confidence condenses critical knowledge one convenient easy digest think ultimate quotbrain dumpquot what actually need know impress examiner importantly become safe competent pilot isnt substitute depth faa manuals its ideal tool final originally built students since been improved feedback thousands pilots who have used ace their checkrides walk feeling prepared confident quickly recall regulations procedures master complex topics safer proficient get youll list roadmap proficiency gain rating required logging time recency experience minimum aeronautical documents flight maintenance inspection requirement decision making models passenger amp takeoff briefings plan requirements alternate minimums dps stars clearance altitudes instruments equipment radio navigation vor ndb understanding gps gnss pbn rnp rnav components ils approach light systems attitude flying techniques lost communication holding patterns procedure turns descent planning airspace basic vfr weather us available products services hazards aeromedical factors reference material much support pay want recommended contribution 15 thats less half cost single ground lesson yet save hours help avoid costly mistakes enter price even cant afford moment 100 risk free doesnt feel email ill personally refund every penny questions asked many choose contribute they see immense value appreciate work behind guides continued growth future updates loved forward bonus also supporting great cause profits are donated annually direct relief charitynavigatororg top rated charities providing medical aid worldwide dont wait until night download start building today already update gumroad library view added cover page toc statement safety requires valid clarified definition moca fix frost explanation climb clearances quot6 hitsquot must accomplished actual simulated conditions comm expected altitude applies highest route segment flown diverse airport criteria refined tas removed tls mls tweb fixed typos formatting spelling renamed pdf file special thanks aaron goke alessandro dalli chris gioardano jonathan toker julio garcia lance meier v380 04 apr 2023 lighting symbols configuration glossary definitions rail rvv tdz tdze note quothighest flownquot communications terminal publication legends filing considerations waas equipped language controlled 91155 text timeline infographic paragraph numbering new graphic oddeven sectors updated aim replaced notam andrew shacker ben bratcher nadeem toor v370 17 nov 2022 warning imc class g information cruise block typographical fixes pattern race track drawing minor graphical v362 08 oct changed quotiapquot quotiafquot quotstarting iapquot add references 6157 carrying passengers pic sections far b 91131 vda change quotvisual anglequot quotvertical gls sfra vdp martin kelly dan sobczak v361 16 may rephrased optical illusion section clarity routes by default stated previously categories word quotlowestquot cat visibility dh column headers progress concise bryce spain doug blischok v360 30 descriptions mca mra continue land soon practicable dme slant range reworded remove 6151 quotwhen neededquot belongs quotlogging timequot typo corrections dave dwyer james mahoney justin jackson robert haymond v351 11 2021 mean gt means pop ups allow cancelled canceled floatation flotation minimas minima scaleable scalable higgins v350 log approaches departure vertical vcoa vector area quotmandatory reports ifrquot quotrequired quot quottypes equot quotfunctions match aims two functions e quotorthographicquot quotorographicquot lifting quotuplospingquot quotupslopingquot terms per design improvements eric treworgy graeme nichol jack spellman michal harel v340 29 sep service volumes diego luna william d palmer v330 13 aug exceptions rearranged first pages fit content pta ten r acronym position periods acronyms decent v320 19 jul v310 types remark quotoperating inoperative itemsquot removing affects wampb transponder code table v300 28 feb copyright quotpay wantquot model v260 26 requiredquot formating re arranged layout watkins v251 editing v250 25 use reformat v241 18 dec 2020 example calculation fl320 fl350 ian clark v240 bank angle standard rate ktas which correct 100kts x non radar environment reflect eta minutes min north atlantic nat reflects made qr access mastenbrook v231 14 cruising graphics 170 179 v230 captain ret phil remmel dpe scottsdale az specifically revision aviates mahbubur khan pointing error hyperventiation wording inspections menemonic aviate meaning letters stc ads progressive examples taxi briefing arch details vs uncontrolled altimeter check quottwo way navigational appropriate radios corrected fl240 fl240quot clock sweep second pointer digital representationquot quotabove 10000 mslquot 10000quot quotbelow 1200 aglquot oxygen quot12500 15000 includingquot 12500 14000 msl ad rvsm hyperventilation v220 07 info operational network program mon v217 published items quotdirectionquot quotdirection hold eg n w clarification v216 23 cleaned missing chars v215 phrase turn quotfollow director quot25 using systemquot quotwhichever uses least report atc overflowing v214 12 localizer glideslope modulated carrier signals 90 150 hz v213 03 decoding winds aloft quotor levelsquot changes v212 02 wkraft preflight nw kraft adds notams mnemonic elt battery replacement v211 31 high pressure low indicate higher desired lower causing fly v210 ffs ftd atd acquiring lifr mvfr svfr contents o2 scuba diving ascent 24 regardless webpage readers document describing inversion v202 several v201 part completing v20 complete redesign throughout whats highlights approved training devices certification pitot static concepts subjects v14 27 2011 last legacy Amir Fleminger posts handouts training ifr study-guides",
      "type": "post"
    },{
      "url": "/Understanding-ILS/",
      "title": "Understanding ILS",
      "text": "instrument landing system ils enables pilots shoot precision approaches runway digging nuts bolts lets review what approach specifically may already know that are ifr procedures designed guide aircraft en route part flight position which make safe provides lateral left right vertical course guidance final leg one oldest yet widely used still service by far commonly procedure relies multiple ground based equipment range information visual transition localizer primary component serve stand alone vors localizers share navigation radio display deck similar pilot stays desired track keeping cdi deviation indicator centered unlike facilitate bearing around 359 support single specific direction vor turning obs knob use does affect displacement however good idea set inbound published better situational awareness note reverse sensing typically want deflect side needle veers wrong phenomenon cause disorientation lead navigate away instead toward simple old style advantage hsi comes since selection doesnt move regular unaffected using contrast type displays eliminate stations avoid problem have regardless dial always specs operate vhf frequencies 1081 11195 mhz frequency broader 1080 11795 overlaps therefore odd tenths decimals eg 1107 while even 1100 widths angle chosen makes width threshold 700 total 25 full deflection four times sensitive outside receiver sense signal within given coverage area goes altitude 4500 covers 35 centerline 10 nm 18 antenna transmits morse code id starts quotiquot followed three letter trusting must identify correct station identifying listening modern avionics garmin 1000 automatically decode eliminating need listen decipher yourself work array located departure end uses amplitude modulation like your car modulate two signals 90 hz 150 these emitted narrow patterns receives intensely strongly transmissions equal aircrafts interprets difference deflects accordingly glideslope its varies terrain requirements degrees 3293 335 uhf 40 available associated tunes sets never worry flying curious find pairs faas aeronautical publication aim guidances 14 07 either operates similarly plane carries directionally transmitted path gs location errors subject false glide slopes present higher fly steeper expected prevent following slope intercept altitudes fixes distance helps several types provide marker beacons implies indicated cockpit color light outer om miles indicates appropriate interception 50ft blue flashing series audible dashes quot 400 beacon browser audio element dash middle mm placed 3500ft approximate point meets decision height usually 200ft touchdown zone elevation identified amber pattern dot 1300 inner im dh cat ii white dots quotquot 3000 back bc faf selected shares indication markers they double traditional means thanks dme rnav many installations omit compass locator co installed locators low powered ndb add another way configurations locater called lom directly needing vectoring atc transmit watts less 15 190 535 khz audibly identifies substitute radar par airport surveillance asr measuring authorized gps capable fix identification als lights runways visible guided extends 2400 ft 1400 1500 non systems include sequenced sf often nicknamed quotthe rabbitquot appear ball traveling towards twice second estimate visibility according parts being familiar different categories categorized their lowest permissible minimums talk remember creators plate show required define individual category faa permits lower iii select operators special authorization involves aircrew training elaborate approval process due cost obtaining maintaining performed commercial airlines demand charters airports offer require lighting rvr 1800 200 1200 100 iiia gt lt iiib lt50 iiic catching maintain indicators needles represents relation tracks center turn likewise high marks missed decide whether land go descend perform unless meet conditions continuously intended normal descent rates maneuvers least prescribed references distinctly except red sidebars terminating bars alsf allow insight markings ie papi vasi recommended reading Amir Fleminger posts navigation tutorial ifr",
      "type": "post"
    },{
      "url": "/holding-patterns-101/",
      "title": "Holding Procedures 101",
      "text": "its final leg your trip everything set landing jfk inform passengers 20 minutes left flight ask attendants prepare cabin suddenly air traffic controller calls quotare ready copy holding instructionsquot purpose procedures sometimes theres need delay aircraft since parking mid isnt option use patterns holdings are necessary various reasons hazardous weather congestion airport runway closures equipment outages time handling abnormal situations emergencies pattern racetrack shaped maneuver that keeps around specified fix until atc pilot resume destination alternate shape consists four parts inbound towards outbound two turns bank angle hold fars require smallest following options heading change per second standard rate turn 30 25 director system clearance issue either published non clearances charted lowhigh enroute arrival area charts reduce workload radio chatter these needs include direction relative eg north east south west expect efc holds must n w ne radial course airway route length miles dme rnav otherwise right example quothold etx vor 270 1855 zuluquot did mention know required have choose best entry technique based position entries direct name suggests simplest approaching 180 sector image crossing start first parallel anywhere 110 sized cross fly one minute intercept note tat youll make quotwrongquot hand subsequent teardrop upon side follow flying speed within three less arriving limit shameless plug choosing could tricky especially receive last moment close built little app trainer makes better quickly practice instructions also serves calculator check android ios speeds restrictions altitude msl max airspeed kts 6000 200 6001 14000 230 265 force fields 310 navy unless timing instructed by ft 15 begins wings level ends passes abeam cant determine point timer end adjustments circuit depending adjust next needed achieve short extend slightly long shorten accordingly may specify distance instead wind correction find stay take triple compensating drift experienced apply commonly used pilots remembering actions quot five ts mnemonic desired twist obs throttle power maintain talk advise which reached quotltcallsigngt vrb 8000 1320 add 6th acronym think aheadquot fms management provides excellent help performing reducing information command autopilot perfect wont worry much correct mind number rule computing applies garbage therefore carefully ensure input monitor automation throughout procedure conclusion received instruction zulu hour away inquire reason they reply due common scenario new york city established permits planning forward yourself questions available fuel what plan does release current availability airports divert knowing answers early avoid getting low situation keep safe releases earlier expected clears proceed continue land safely recommended reading ifr quick review study guide Amir Fleminger posts navigation tutorial ifr",
      "type": "post"
    },{
      "url": "/IFRRatingIntro/",
      "title": "The Instrument Rating - Introduction",
      "text": "video youll learn what instrument pilot rating need requirements getting rated Amir Fleminger posts navigation tutorial ifr video",
      "type": "post"
    },{
      "url": "/flight-winds/",
      "title": "Flight Winds",
      "text": "flightwinds helps assure are taking landing within your aircraft specific personal wind limitations app calculates crosswind tailwind headwind components takeoff displays user friendly way features dual runway display easy use intuitive interface warns exceed custom defined available ios android devices reviews awesome does exactly what gives data based simple understand need preflight approach blitzhunde its great application exact have been looking handy fast amazing decision which surely tell friends get rate thanks mkst pilot cool cockpit controls slaxaa useful adamu3r6 goodbye cross component diagram makes life whole lot easier access even flight d mambara thing theres missing doing wonderful particularly like feature wherein set separately critical decisions f woodbridge visual one less think planning rv6a owner ry time real world flights well sim practice sessions saves fuel running back forth airporti minums go google products products mobile-apps",
      "type": "product"
    },{
      "url": "/aeropointer/",
      "title": "AeroPointer",
      "text": "worldwide aeronautical data your fingertips 40000 airports 10000 radio navigation aids navaids color coded metar reports easy quickly decipher metars raw tafs aeropointer provides 41000 10900 creator nav trainer holding pattern offline access even internet airport charts weather cached later view first online notams are they downloaded name city state country local icao identifiers faa naco diagrams instrument procedure geographical coordinates frequencies runway info time zone current zulu utc sunrisesunsetcivil twilight times taf dashboard supported notices airmen navaid type power output location identifier letters morse code 3d globe map vors ndbs radar us amp areas grapical airmets sigmets small app purchase fee user reviews superb useful handy use regularly contains allot information that normally have spend ton money get elsewhere nice job folks jmoylan69 ios impressed 1010 great active free sstall24 flight sim along x plane love having tool jbluebox convenient afd hate thumbing paper books pilot580 download additional graphical sigmet available agreement disclaimer relies several 3rd party sources order provide provided by cannot guaranteed accurate date given used general reference planning purposes responsible verifying using real world find errors please let know keep improving database products products mobile-apps",
      "type": "product"
    },{
      "url": "/hold-trainer/",
      "title": "Holding Trainer Pro",
      "text": "following scenario familiar receive holding clearance atc have couple minutes sometimes seconds choose correct entry by time youve figured whats going already passed fix dont know what next sounds need worry confusion entries happens practically almost every new instrument student even rated pilots occasionally problem they get enough practice trainer solves cuts spend expensive flight ground lessons pattern your convenience that choosing proper one air becomes breeze features drills best until second nature impress instructor skills calculator solve visualize entering current bearing outbound inbound radial tutorial learn quickly easily quotstuckquot user reviews worth penny read faa stuff tried lots youtube tutorials tests sportys course method nailed gamifying tough visualization problems fastest way master great job dev r anthony android wonderful tool working license always struggled visualizing enter holds using application straight hour mentally picture hold having draw piece paper cabin bro ios fantastic amazing app combine knowledge simple rule determining heading north south southwest etc approximate road success aveateor good ive been past month prepare checkride definitely helps practicing basic calculations kfly1234567890 training used several apps favorite because gives instructions clues thus forcing think also provides multiple choice answer buttons indicator option optional full view plan pilotvince awesome exactly needed rid fear figuring buy dang thing higgins day struggling hours later perfectly tj9002 really helped its super convenient pull anytime reliable accurate airrick2009 fraction cost lesson important skill pace save hundreds dollars anyone towards their cfii proficiency check simply trying improve patterns products products mobile-apps",
      "type": "product"
    },{
      "url": "/my-Flight-Resume/",
      "title": "myFlightResume",
      "text": "create professional looking resumes help land your dream pilot flight instructor job features autocomplete fields pre written text snippets rapid entry designed templates dozens design parameters let instantly modify preview look document resume free happy results upgrade affordable app purchase unlock content remove watermarks products products mobile-apps",
      "type": "product"
    },{
      "url": "/nav-trainer/",
      "title": "Nav Trainer Pro",
      "text": "selected by aopaorg readers number one five aviation apps cant live reached navigation category us app store ipad make ifr flight training easier practicing navigational equipment usage your mobile device nav trainer pro simulates vor hsi rmi adf dme ils cockpit instrument must have tool cfii student pilot students pilots improve understanding radio comfort instructors demonstrate complex concepts birds eye view while ground also suitable simulator enthusiasts used classrooms sessions individuals their orientation skills user reviews what doctor ordered tremendously simple intuitive powerful who get little spatially confused abstract geometry represented static image easily toggle among devices including drag plane around great navaid worth every penny study partner faa knowledge exams roxyfly11 ios seeking rating simulated test function within practice written exam holds arcs situational awareness two ohs goose excellent teach instruments army ft rucker al good effects wind course various mh correcting drift its useful explaining demonstrating adaptive trackcourse intercepts price jimh615 aid easy use clear clean graphics helps visualize procedure go fly low considering value wsouligny visualizing procedures google android helped sharpen mental picture even forced different way prep john cox keep awesome coming calm insecurities successful checkride thanks merrick vl features dual displays vorndb screen ndb using visualization demonstrates slant range distance affected altitude mode generates phantom aircraft navaids goal find correct position drop fix airplane intercepting tracking courses direction amp velocity control tracing contrail accelerator support select double tapping dials sectors onoff auto tune obs pressing knob turn towards symbol tap toward station change headings flicking finger heading indicator dragging hsivor products products mobile-apps",
      "type": "product"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/100-hour-inspection/",
      "title": "100-hour inspection",
      "text": "inspection identical scope annual conducted every 100 hours flight aircraft 12500 pounds that are used carry passengers hire",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/abbreviated-ifr-flight-plans/",
      "title": "Abbreviated IFR Flight Plans",
      "text": "authorization by atc requiring pilots submit that information needed purpose includes small portion usual ifr flight plan certain instances may aircraft identification location pilot request requested separationcontrol purposes frequently used which are airborne desire instrument approach ground climb vfr top",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/abeam/",
      "title": "Abeam",
      "text": "aircraft abeam fix point object that approximately 90 degrees right left track indicates general position rather precise",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/abort/",
      "title": "Abort",
      "text": "terminate preplanned aircraft maneuver eg aborted takeoff",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/absolute-accuracy/",
      "title": "Absolute accuracy",
      "text": "ability determine present position space independently often used by pilots",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/absolute-altitude/",
      "title": "Absolute altitude",
      "text": "actual distance aircraft terrain which flying",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/absolute-pressure/",
      "title": "Absolute pressure",
      "text": "pressure measured reference zero vacuum",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ac/",
      "title": "AC",
      "text": "alternating current",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/accelerate-go-distance/",
      "title": "Accelerate-go distance",
      "text": "distance required accelerate v1 engines takeoff power experience engine failure continue remaining runway includes climb 35 feet by which time v2 speed must attained",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/accelerate-stop-distance/",
      "title": "Accelerate-Stop Distance",
      "text": "distance required accelerate v1 engines takeoff power experience engine failure abort bring airplane stop using braking action use thrust reversing considered",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/accelerate-stop-distance-available-asda/",
      "title": "Accelerate-Stop Distance Available (ASDA)",
      "text": "runway plus stopway length declared available suitable acceleration deceleration airplane aborting takeoff",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/accelerate-stop-distance-available-asda-[icao]/",
      "title": "Accelerate-Stop Distance Available (ASDA) [ICAO]",
      "text": "length take run available plus stopway provided",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/acceleration/",
      "title": "Acceleration",
      "text": "force involved overcoming inertia which may defined change velocity per unit time",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/acceleration-error/",
      "title": "Acceleration error",
      "text": "magnetic compass error apparent aircraft accelerates while flying easterly westerly heading causing card rotate toward north",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/accelerometer/",
      "title": "Accelerometer",
      "text": "part inertial navigation system ins that accurately measures force acceleration one direction",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/acknowledge/",
      "title": "Acknowledge",
      "text": "let know that have received understood message",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/acrobatic-flight/",
      "title": "Acrobatic Flight",
      "text": "intentional maneuver involving abrupt change aircrafts attitude abnormal acceleration necessary normal flight",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/acrobatic-flight-[icao]/",
      "title": "Acrobatic Flight [ICAO]",
      "text": "maneuvers intentionally performed by aircraft involving abrupt change its attitude abnormal variation speed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/active-runway/",
      "title": "Active Runway",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/actual-calculated-landing-time-aclt/",
      "title": "Actual Calculated Landing Time (ACLT)",
      "text": "aclt flights frozen calculated landing time actual determined freeze fclt meter list display interval mldi adapted vertex arrival aircraft based upon runway configuration airport acceptance rate delay period metered either vta tentative tcltaclt previous plus aai whichever later updated response aircrafts progress",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/actual-navigation-performance-anp/",
      "title": "Actual Navigation Performance (ANP)",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/additional-services/",
      "title": "Additional Services",
      "text": "advisory information provided by atc which includes limited following traffic advisories vectors requested pilot assist aircraft receiving avoid observed altitude deviation 300 feet assigned verified reading correctly automatic readout mode c that longer factor weather chaff assistance bird activity holding pattern surveillance additional services are extent possible contingent upon controllers capability fit performance higher priority duties basis limitations radar volume frequency congestion controller workload complete discretion determining heshe able provide continue service particular case reason subject question need made known himher",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/adiabatic-cooling/",
      "title": "Adiabatic cooling",
      "text": "process cooling air expansion example moves slope expands reduction atmospheric pressure cools",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/adiabatic-heating/",
      "title": "Adiabatic heating",
      "text": "process heating dry air compression example moves slope compressed which results increase temperature",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/adjustable-stabilizer/",
      "title": "Adjustable stabilizer",
      "text": "stabilizer that adjusted flight trim airplane thereby allowing fly hands given airspeed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/adjustable-pitch-propeller/",
      "title": "Adjustable-pitch propeller",
      "text": "propeller blades whose pitch adjusted ground engine running which cannot flight also referred adjustable sometimes used refer constant speed propellers that are",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/administrator/",
      "title": "Administrator",
      "text": "federal aviation administrator person whom he delegated his authority matter concerned",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/advanced-air-mobility-aam/",
      "title": "Advanced Air Mobility (AAM)",
      "text": "transportation system that transports people property by air two points nas using aircraft advanced technologies including electric vertical takeoff landing controlled uncontrolled airspace",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/advection-fog/",
      "title": "Advection fog",
      "text": "fog resulting movement warm humid air cold surface",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/adverse-yaw/",
      "title": "Adverse yaw",
      "text": "condition flight which nose airplane tends yaw toward outside turn caused by higher induced drag wing also producing lift product associated",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/advise-intentions/",
      "title": "Advise Intentions",
      "text": "tell what plan",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/advisory/",
      "title": "Advisory",
      "text": "advice information provided assist pilots safe conduct flight aircraft movement",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/advisory-circular-ac/",
      "title": "Advisory Circular (AC)",
      "text": "faa publication advisory descriptive nature which regulatory",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/advisory-frequency/",
      "title": "Advisory Frequency",
      "text": "appropriate frequency used airport advisory service",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/advisory-service/",
      "title": "Advisory Service",
      "text": "advice information provided by facility assist pilots safe conduct flight aircraft movement",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/aerial-refueling/",
      "title": "Aerial Refueling",
      "text": "procedure used by military transfer fuel one aircraft another flight",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/aerodrome/",
      "title": "Aerodrome",
      "text": "defined area land water including buildings installations equipment intended used either wholly part arrival departure movement aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/aerodrome-beacon-[icao]/",
      "title": "Aerodrome Beacon [ICAO]",
      "text": "aeronautical beacon used indicate location aerodrome air",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/aerodrome-control-service-[icao]/",
      "title": "Aerodrome Control Service [ICAO]",
      "text": "air traffic control service aerodrome",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/aerodrome-control-tower-[icao]/",
      "title": "Aerodrome Control Tower [ICAO]",
      "text": "unit established provide air traffic control service aerodrome",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/aerodrome-elevation-[icao]/",
      "title": "Aerodrome Elevation [ICAO]",
      "text": "elevation highest point landing area",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/aerodrome-traffic-circuit-[icao]/",
      "title": "Aerodrome Traffic Circuit [ICAO]",
      "text": "specified path flown by aircraft operating vicinity aerodrome",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/aerodynamic-coefficients/",
      "title": "Aerodynamic coefficients",
      "text": "non dimensional coefficients aerodynamic forces moments",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/aerodynamics/",
      "title": "Aerodynamics",
      "text": "science action air object motion gases aerodynamics deals production lift by aircraft relative wind atmosphere",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/aeronautical-beacon/",
      "title": "Aeronautical Beacon",
      "text": "visual navaid displaying flashes white andor colored light indicate location airport heliport landmark certain point federal airway mountainous terrain obstruction",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/aeronautical-chart/",
      "title": "Aeronautical Chart",
      "text": "map used air navigation containing part following topographic features hazards obstructions aids routes designated airspace airports commonly aeronautical charts are sectional 1500000 designed visual slow medium speed aircraft information these portrayal relief judicious selection check points vfr flight includes radio controlled permanent special use sua related data terminal area 1250000 depict class b which provides control segregation within chart depicts en route low altitude provide instrument ifr stratum airways limits position identification frequencies selected minimum obstruction clearance altitudes airway distances reporting series furnish larger scale congested areas high jet time zones approach procedure iap portray required execute airport procedures including diagram specific type electronic system ndb tacan vor ils rnav gls identified by navigational aidsequipment final guidance departure dp expedite delivery facilitate transition takeoff operations presented separate may serve single one given geographical location standard arrival star traffic taxi efficient safe flow ground official name eg ronald reagan washington national",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/aeronautical-chart-[icao]/",
      "title": "Aeronautical Chart [ICAO]",
      "text": "representation portion earth its culture relief specifically designated meet requirements air navigation",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/aeronautical-decision-making-adm/",
      "title": "Aeronautical decision-making (ADM)",
      "text": "systematic approach mental process used by pilots consistently determine best course action response given set circumstances",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/aeronautical-information-manual-aim/",
      "title": "Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM)",
      "text": "primary faa publication whose purpose instruct airmen operating national airspace system us provides basic flight information atc procedures general instructional concerning health medical facts factors affecting safety accident hazard reporting types aeronautical charts their use",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/aeronautical-information-publication-aip-[icao]/",
      "title": "Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP) [ICAO]",
      "text": "publication issued by authority state containing aeronautical information lasting character essential air navigation",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/affirmative/",
      "title": "AFFIRMATIVE",
      "text": "yes",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/agl/",
      "title": "AGL",
      "text": "ground level",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/agonic-line/",
      "title": "Agonic line",
      "text": "irregular imaginary line across surface earth along which magnetic geographic poles are alignment variation",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ailerons/",
      "title": "Ailerons",
      "text": "primary flight control surfaces mounted trailing edge airplane wing near tip ailerons roll longitudinal axis",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/air-carrier/",
      "title": "Air carrier",
      "text": "person who undertakes directly by lease arrangement engage air transportation",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/air-carrier-district-office-acdo/",
      "title": "Air Carrier District Office (ACDO)",
      "text": "faa field office serving assigned geographical area staffed flight standards personnel aviation industry general public matters related certification operation scheduled air carriers large aircraft operations",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/air-commerce/",
      "title": "Air commerce",
      "text": "interstate overseas foreign air commerce transportation mail by aircraft operation navigation within limits federal airway which directly affects may endanger safety",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/air-data-computer-adc/",
      "title": "Air Data Computer (ADC)",
      "text": "aircraft computer that receives processes pitot pressure static temperature calculate precise altitude indicated airspeed true air",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/air-defense-emergency/",
      "title": "Air Defense Emergency",
      "text": "military emergency condition declared by designated authority exists attack upon continental us alaska canada installations greenland hostile aircraft missiles considered probable imminent taking place",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/air-defense-identification-zone-adiz/",
      "title": "Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ)",
      "text": "area airspace land water which ready identification location control aircraft except department defense law enforcement required interest national security note adiz locations operating flight plan requirements civil operations are specified 14 cfr part 99",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/air-mass/",
      "title": "Air Mass",
      "text": "extensive body air having fairly uniform properties temperature moisture",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/air-navigation-facility/",
      "title": "Air Navigation Facility",
      "text": "facility used available use designed aid air navigation including landing areas lights apparatus equipment disseminating weather information signaling radio directional finding electrical communication structure mechanism having similar purpose guiding controlling flight takeoff aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/air-route-surveillance-radar-arsr/",
      "title": "Air Route Surveillance Radar (ARSR)",
      "text": "air route traffic control center artcc radar used primarily detect display aircrafts position while en terminal areas arsr enables controllers provide service aircraft are within coverage instances may enable services similar usually limited provided by approach",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/air-route-traffic-control-center-artcc/",
      "title": "Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC)",
      "text": "facility established provide air traffic control service aircraft operating ifr flight plans within controlled airspace principally en route phase equipment capabilities controller workload permit certain advisoryassistance services may provided vfr",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/air-taxi/",
      "title": "Air Taxi",
      "text": "used describe helicoptervtol aircraft movement conducted surface normally 100 feet agl may proceed either via hover taxi flight speeds 20 knots pilot solely responsible selecting safe airspeedaltitude operation being",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/air-traffic/",
      "title": "Air Traffic",
      "text": "aircraft operating air airport surface exclusive loading ramps parking areas",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/air-traffic-[icao]/",
      "title": "Air Traffic [ICAO]",
      "text": "aircraft flight operating maneuvering area aerodrome",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/air-traffic-clearance/",
      "title": "Air Traffic Clearance",
      "text": "authorization by air traffic control purpose preventing collision known aircraft proceed specified conditions within controlled airspace pilot command may deviate provisions visual flight rules vfr instrument ifr clearance except emergency unless amended been obtained additionally request different that which issued atc information available makes another course action practicable equipment limitations company procedures forbid compliance pilots also clarification amendment appropriate time fully understood considered unacceptable because safety controllers instances extent operational practicality honor request14 cfr part 913a states directly responsible final authority operation issues would cause rule regulation opinion place jeopardy",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/air-traffic-control-atc/",
      "title": "Air Traffic Control (ATC)",
      "text": "service operated by appropriate authority promote safe orderly expeditious flow air traffic",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/air-traffic-control-clearance-[icao]/",
      "title": "Air Traffic Control Clearance [ICAO]",
      "text": "authorization aircraft proceed conditions specified by air traffic control unit note convenience term clearance frequently abbreviated used appropriate contexts may prefixed words taxi takeoff departure en route approach landing indicate particular portion flight which relates",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/air-traffic-control-radar-beacon-system-atcrbs/",
      "title": "Air traffic control radar beacon system (ATCRBS)",
      "text": "sometimes called secondary surveillance radar ssr which utilizes transponder aircraft ground equipment interrogating unit beacon antenna mounted rotates transmits coded pulse sequence that actuates answers by transmitting preselected back providing strong return signal positive identification well special data",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/air-traffic-control-service/",
      "title": "Air Traffic Control Service",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/air-traffic-control-service-[icao]/",
      "title": "Air Traffic Control Service [ICAO]",
      "text": "service provided purpose preventing collisions aircraft maneuvering area obstructions expediting maintaining orderly flow air traffic",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/air-traffic-control-specialist/",
      "title": "Air Traffic Control Specialist",
      "text": "person authorized provide air traffic control service",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/air-traffic-control-system-command-center-atcscc/",
      "title": "Air Traffic Control System Command Center (ATCSCC)",
      "text": "air traffic tactical operations facility responsible monitoring managing flow throughout nas producing safe orderly expeditious while minimizing delays following functions are located atcscc central altitude reservation function carf coordinating planning approving special user requirements altrv concept see airport office aro monitors operation allocation reservations unscheduled airports designated by administrator high density these generally known slot controlled allocates first come served basis determined time request received refer 14 cfr part 93 chart supplement us notice missions notam collecting maintaining distributing notams civilian military well international aviation communities weather unit monitor aspects that might affect including cloud cover visibility winds precipitation thunderstorms icing turbulence provide forecasts based observations discussions meteorologists various national service offices faa facilities airlines private services",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/air-traffic-organization-ato/",
      "title": "Air Traffic Organization (ATO)",
      "text": "faa line business responsible providing safe efficient air navigation services national airspace system",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/air-traffic-service/",
      "title": "Air Traffic Service",
      "text": "generic term meaning flight information service alerting air traffic advisory control area approach airport",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/air-traffic-service-ats-routes/",
      "title": "Air Traffic Service (ATS) Routes",
      "text": "specified route designated channeling flow traffic necessary provision air services term ats refers variety airways including jet routes area navigation rnav arrival departure defined by specifications which may include designator path significant points distance reporting requirements lowest safe altitude determined appropriate authority far definition generic that includes vor federal colored does replace these familiar names serves overall title listing types comprise united states structure pcg",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/air-transportation/",
      "title": "Air transportation",
      "text": "interstate overseas foreign air transportation mail by aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airborne/",
      "title": "Airborne",
      "text": "aircraft considered airborne parts are ground",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airborne-delay/",
      "title": "Airborne Delay",
      "text": "amount delay encountered airborne holding",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/aircraft/",
      "title": "Aircraft",
      "text": "devices that are used intended flight air traffic control terminology may include crew",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/aircraft-[icao]/",
      "title": "Aircraft [ICAO]",
      "text": "machine that derive support atmosphere reactions air against earths surface",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/aircraft-altitude/",
      "title": "Aircraft altitude",
      "text": "actual height sea level which aircraft flying",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/aircraft-approach-category/",
      "title": "Aircraft Approach Category",
      "text": "grouping aircraft based speed 13 times stall landing configuration maximum gross weight must fit one category necessary maneuver speeds excess upper limit range minimums that used example which falls circling land 91 knots use approach b categories are follows less 121 c 141 d 166 e",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/aircraft-classes/",
      "title": "Aircraft Classes",
      "text": "purposes wake turbulence separation minima atc classifies aircraft super heavy large small follows airbus 380 800 a388 antonov 225 a225 are classified capable takeoff weights 300000 pounds whether they operating weight particular phase flight 41000 maximum certificated including less",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/aircraft-conflict/",
      "title": "Aircraft Conflict",
      "text": "predicted conflict within edst two aircraft airspace red alert used conflicts minimum separation nautical miles less yellow approximately 12 blue predefined",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/aircraft-engine/",
      "title": "Aircraft engine",
      "text": "engine that used intended propelling aircraft includes turbosuperchargers appurtenances accessories necessary its functioning does include propellers",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/aircraft-hazard-area-aha/",
      "title": "Aircraft Hazard Area (AHA)",
      "text": "used by atc segregate air traffic launch vehicle reentry amateur rocket jettisoned stages hardware falling debris generated failures associated these activities aha isdesignated via notam either tfr stationary altrv unless otherwise specified vertical limits are surface unlimited",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/aircraft-list-acl/",
      "title": "Aircraft List (ACL)",
      "text": "view available edst that lists aircraft currently predicted particular sectors airspace contains textual flight data information line format may sorted various orders based specific needs sector team",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/aircraft-surge-launch-and-recovery-aslr/",
      "title": "Aircraft Surge Launch And Recovery (ASLR)",
      "text": "procedures used usaf bases provide increased launch recovery rates instrument flight rules conditions aslar based reduced separation aircraft which time distance standard arrival applies participants including multiple flights until drag point published location approach landing second formation slows predetermined airspeed reference marsa expanding elements effect within subsequent participating shall covered letter agreement responsible military atc facility concerned federal aviation administration initial fix spacing requirements are normally addressed minimum",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/aircraft-wake-turbulence-categories/",
      "title": "Aircraft Wake Turbulence Categories",
      "text": "purpose wake turbulence recategorization recat separation minima atc groups aircraft categories ranging category dependent upon version that applied specific assignments vary are listed orders",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airfoil/",
      "title": "Airfoil",
      "text": "surface wing propeller rudder even trim tab which provides aerodynamic force interacts moving stream air",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airframe/",
      "title": "Airframe",
      "text": "fuselage booms nacelles cowlings fairings airfoil surfaces including rotors excluding propellers rotating airfoils engines landing gear aircraft their accessories controls",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airmens-meteorological-information-airmet/",
      "title": "Airmen's Meteorological Information (AIRMET)",
      "text": "airmet wa concise description occurrence expected specified en route weather phenomena that may affect safety aircraft operations intensities lower require issuance sigmet issued following are occurring occur moderate turbulence lowlevel windshear strong surface winds greater 30 knots icing freezing level mountain obscuration ifr widespread areas ceilings less 1000 ft visibility miles",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airmet-wa/",
      "title": "AIRMET (WA)",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airplane/",
      "title": "Airplane",
      "text": "engine driven fixed wing aircraft heavier air that supported flight by dynamic reaction against its wings",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airplane-flight-manual-afm/",
      "title": "Airplane Flight Manual (AFM)",
      "text": "document developed by airplane manufacturer approved federal aviation administration faa specific particular make model serial number contains operating procedures limitations",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airplane-owner-information-manual/",
      "title": "Airplane Owner/Information Manual",
      "text": "document developed by airplane manufacturer containing general information make model owners manual faa approved specific particular serial numbered kept current therefore cannot substituted afmpoh",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airport/",
      "title": "Airport",
      "text": "area land water that used intended landing takeoff aircraft includes its buildings facilities",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airport-advisory-area/",
      "title": "Airport Advisory Area",
      "text": "area within ten miles airport control tower operation which flight service station located",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airport-arrival-rate-aar/",
      "title": "Airport Arrival Rate (AAR)",
      "text": "dynamic input parameter specifying number arriving aircraft which airport airspace accept artcc per hour aar used calculate desired interval successive arrival",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airport-departure-rate-adr/",
      "title": "Airport Departure Rate (ADR)",
      "text": "dynamic parameter specifying number aircraft which depart airport airspace accept per hour",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airport-diagram/",
      "title": "Airport Diagram",
      "text": "section instrument approach procedure chart that shows detailed diagram airport includes surface features configuration information",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airport-elevation/",
      "title": "Airport Elevation",
      "text": "highest point airports usable runways measured feet mean sea level",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airport-facility-directory-afd/",
      "title": "Airport Facility Directory (AFD)",
      "text": "faa publication containing information airports communications navaids replaced afd chart supplement us 2016",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airport-lighting/",
      "title": "Airport Lighting",
      "text": "various lighting aids that may installed airport types include approach light system als facility which provides visual guidance landing aircraft by radiating beams directional pattern pilot aligns extended centerline runway hisher final condenserdischarge sequential flashing lightssequenced lights conjunction airports systems are alsf sequenced ils cat configuration ii operate ssalr weather conditions permit ssalf simplified short alignment indicator malsf medium intensity malsr rlls lead consists one series near ground level positive along path either curving straight special problems exist hazardous terrain obstructions noise abatement procedures rail combination odals omnidirectional seven located area nonprecision five first 300 feet threshold extending equal intervals 1500 two side lateral distance 40 edge 75 equipped vasi refer faa order jo 68502 lightsrunway having prescribed angle emission used define limits uniformly spaced approximately 200 controlled preset touchdown zone rows transverse bars symmetrically normally 100 foot basic extends 3000 flush 50 beginning within opposite end fixed green arranged left right identifying identifier reil synchronized provide rapid identification particular slope providing vertical high red white focused indicate heshe sees redwhite whitewhite redred serving large have three bar vasis glide paths precision papi similar papis consist single row four effective range miles day 20 night radiate number boundary defining perimeter",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airport-marking-aids/",
      "title": "Airport Marking Aids",
      "text": "markings used runway taxiway surfaces identify specific threshold centerline hold line etc marked accordance its present usage visual nonprecision instrument precision",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airport-reference-point-arp/",
      "title": "Airport Reference Point (ARP)",
      "text": "approximate geometric center usable runway surfaces",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airport-reservation-office/",
      "title": "Airport Reservation Office",
      "text": "office responsible monitoring operation slot controlled airports receives processes requests unscheduled operations",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airport-rotating-beacon/",
      "title": "Airport Rotating Beacon",
      "text": "visual navaid operated many airports civil alternating white green flashes indicate location airport military beacons flash alternately are differentiated by dualpeaked two quick",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airport-stream-filter-asf/",
      "title": "Airport Stream Filter (ASF)",
      "text": "onoff filter that allows conflict notification function inhibited arrival streams single multiple airports prevent nuisance alerts",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airport-surface-detection-equipment-asde/",
      "title": "Airport Surface Detection Equipment (ASDE)",
      "text": "surveillance equipment specifically designed detect aircraft vehicular traffic objects surface airport present theimage tower display used augment visual observation by personnel andor movements runways taxiways are three asde systems deployed nas movement radar x system that uses band multilateration ads b capability assc",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airport-surveillance-radar-asr/",
      "title": "Airport Surveillance RADAR (ASR)",
      "text": "approach control radar used detect display aircrafts position terminal area asr provides range azimuth information does provide elevation data coverage extend 60 miles",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airport-taxi-charts/",
      "title": "Airport Taxi Charts",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airport-traffic-control-service/",
      "title": "Airport Traffic Control Service",
      "text": "service provided by control tower aircraft operating movement area vicinity airport",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airship/",
      "title": "Airship",
      "text": "engine driven lighter air aircraft that steered",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airspace-conflict/",
      "title": "Airspace Conflict",
      "text": "predicted conflict aircraft active special activity airspace saa",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airspace-flow-program-afp/",
      "title": "Airspace Flow Program (AFP)",
      "text": "afp traffic management tm process administered by air control system command center atcscc aircraft are assigned expect departure clearance time edct order manage capacity demand specific area national airspace nas purpose program mitigate effects en route constraints flexible may implemented various forms depending upon needs",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airspace-hierarchy/",
      "title": "Airspace Hierarchy",
      "text": "within airspace classes hierarchy event overlap class preempts b c d e g",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airspeed/",
      "title": "Airspeed",
      "text": "speed aircraft relative its surrounding air mass unqualified term airspeed means one following indicated shown indicator used pilotcontroller communications general refer 14 cfr part true undisturbed primarily flight planning en route portion referred shortened",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airspeed-indicator/",
      "title": "Airspeed indicator",
      "text": "differential pressure gauge that measures dynamic air which aircraft flying displays crafts airspeed typically knots pilot",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airstart/",
      "title": "Airstart",
      "text": "starting aircraft engine while airborne preceded by shutdown training flights actual failure",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airway/",
      "title": "Airway",
      "text": "airway based centerline that extends one navigation aid intersection another several aids intersections used establish known route en procedures terminal areas phak definition class e airspace area established form corridor which defined by radio navigational pcg",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airway-[icao]/",
      "title": "Airway [ICAO]",
      "text": "control area portion thereof established form corridor equipped radio navigational aids",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airway-beacon/",
      "title": "Airway Beacon",
      "text": "used mark airway segments remote mountain areas light flashes morse code identify beacon site",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airworthiness-certificate/",
      "title": "Airworthiness Certificate",
      "text": "certificate issued by faa aircraft that have been proven meet minimum standards set code federal regulations",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/airworthiness-directive/",
      "title": "Airworthiness Directive",
      "text": "regulatory notice sent by faa registered owner aircraft informing condition that prevents continuing meet its conditions airworthiness directives ad notes are complied within required time limit fact compliance date method recorded aircrafts maintenance records",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/alerfa-alert-phase-[icao]/",
      "title": "ALERFA (Alert Phase) [ICAO]",
      "text": "situation wherein apprehension exists safety aircraft its occupants",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/alert/",
      "title": "Alert",
      "text": "notification position that aircraft airspace conflict detected by automated problem detection apd",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/alert-area/",
      "title": "Alert Area",
      "text": "alert area established inform pilots specific wherein high volume pilot training unusual type aeronautical activity conducted",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/alert-notice-alnot/",
      "title": "Alert Notice (ALNOT)",
      "text": "request originated by flight service station fss air route traffic control center artcc extensive communication search overdue unreported missing aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/alerting-service/",
      "title": "Alerting Service",
      "text": "service provided notify appropriate organizations regarding aircraft need search rescue aid assist required",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/all-cargo-operation/",
      "title": "All Cargo Operation",
      "text": "operation compensation hire that passenger carrying passengers are carried they specified 121583a 13585 chapter",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/almanac-data/",
      "title": "Almanac data",
      "text": "information global positioning system gps receiver obtain one satellite which describes approximate orbital satellites constellation necessary know what look sky given time",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/along-track-distance-atd/",
      "title": "Along-Track Distance (ATD)",
      "text": "horizontal distance aircrafts current position fix measured by area navigation system that subject slant range errors",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/alphanumeric-display/",
      "title": "Alphanumeric Display",
      "text": "letters numerals used show identification altitude beacon code information concerning target radar display",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/als/",
      "title": "ALS",
      "text": "approach light system",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/alternate-aerodrome-[icao]/",
      "title": "Alternate Aerodrome [ICAO]",
      "text": "aerodrome which aircraft may proceed becomes either impossible inadvisable land intended landing note flight departs also en route destination alternate",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/alternate-airport/",
      "title": "Alternate airport",
      "text": "airport designated ifr flight plan providing suitable destination landing intended becomes inadvisable",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/alternate-static-source-valve/",
      "title": "Alternate static source valve",
      "text": "valve instrument static air system that supplies reference pressure altimeter airspeed indicator vertical speed normal pickup become clogged iced",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/altimeter/",
      "title": "Altimeter",
      "text": "flight instrument that indicates altitude by sensing pressure changes",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/altimeter-setting/",
      "title": "Altimeter Setting",
      "text": "barometric pressure reading used adjust altimeter variations existing atmospheric standard setting 2992",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/altitude/",
      "title": "Altitude",
      "text": "height level point object measured feet ground agl mean sea msl see flight altitude expressed indicated shown by altimeter pressure barometric uncorrected instrument error uncompensated variation standard atmospheric conditions",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/altitude-[icao]/",
      "title": "Altitude [ICAO]",
      "text": "vertical distance level point object considered measured mean sea msl",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/altitude-engine/",
      "title": "Altitude engine",
      "text": "reciprocating aircraft engine having rated takeoff power that producible sea level established higher altitude",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/altitude-readout/",
      "title": "Altitude Readout",
      "text": "aircrafts altitude transmitted via mode c transponder feature that visually displayed 100 foot increments radar scope having readout capability",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/altitude-reservation-altrv/",
      "title": "Altitude Reservation (ALTRV)",
      "text": "airspace utilization prescribed conditions normally employed mass movement aircraft special user requirements which cannot otherwise accomplished altrvs are approved by appropriate faa facility",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/altitude-restriction/",
      "title": "Altitude Restriction",
      "text": "altitude altitudes stated order flown which are maintained until reaching specific point time restrictions may issued by atc due traffic terrain airspace considerations",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/altitude-restrictions-are-canceled/",
      "title": "ALTITUDE RESTRICTIONS ARE CANCELED",
      "text": "adherence previously imposed altitude restrictions longer required climb descent",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/amateur-rocket/",
      "title": "Amateur rocket",
      "text": "unmanned rocket that propelled by motor motors having combined total impulse 889600 newton seconds 200000 pound less cannot reach altitude greater 150 kilometers 932 statute miles earths surface",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ambient-pressure/",
      "title": "Ambient pressure",
      "text": "pressure area immediately surrounding aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ambient-temperature/",
      "title": "Ambient temperature",
      "text": "temperature area immediately surrounding aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/amendment-status/",
      "title": "Amendment status",
      "text": "circulation date revision number instrument approach procedure printed identification",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ammeter/",
      "title": "Ammeter",
      "text": "instrument installed series electrical load used measure amount current flowing",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/aneroid/",
      "title": "Aneroid",
      "text": "sensitive component altimeter barometer that measures absolute pressure air sealed flat capsule made thin disks corrugated metal soldered together evacuated by pumping",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/aneroid-barometer/",
      "title": "Aneroid barometer",
      "text": "instrument that measures absolute pressure atmosphere by balancing weight air against spring action aneroid",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/angle-of-attack/",
      "title": "Angle of attack",
      "text": "angle attack which relative wind meets airfoil that formed by chord direction line flight path changes pilot aircraft related amount lift being produced",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/angle-of-incidence/",
      "title": "Angle of incidence",
      "text": "acute angle formed chord line airfoil longitudinal axis aircraft which mounted",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/anhedral/",
      "title": "Anhedral",
      "text": "downward slant root tip aircrafts wing horizontal tail surface",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/annual-inspection/",
      "title": "Annual inspection",
      "text": "complete inspection aircraft engine required by code federal regulations accomplished every 12 calendar months certificated ap technician holding authorization conduct annual",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/anti-ice/",
      "title": "Anti-ice",
      "text": "preventing accumulation ice aircraft structure via system designed that purpose",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/antiservo-tab/",
      "title": "Antiservo tab",
      "text": "adjustable tab attached trailing edge stabilator that moves direction primary control used make less sensitive",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/appliance/",
      "title": "Appliance",
      "text": "instrument mechanism equipment part apparatus appurtenance accessory including communications that used intended operating controlling aircraft flight installed attached airframe engine propeller",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/approach-clearance/",
      "title": "Approach Clearance",
      "text": "authorization by atc pilot conduct instrument approach type which clearance pertinent information provided required",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/approach-control-facility/",
      "title": "Approach Control Facility",
      "text": "terminal atc facility that provides approach control service area",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/approach-control-service/",
      "title": "Approach Control Service",
      "text": "air traffic control service provided by approach facility arriving departing vfrifr aircraft occasion en route airports served artcc provides limited",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/approach-control-service-[icao]/",
      "title": "Approach Control Service [ICAO]",
      "text": "air traffic control service arriving departing controlled flights",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/approach-gate/",
      "title": "Approach Gate",
      "text": "imaginary point used within atc basis vectoring aircraft final approach course gate established along mile fix side away airport closer miles landing threshold",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/approach-lighting-system-als/",
      "title": "Approach Lighting System (ALS)",
      "text": "provides lights that penetrate atmosphere far enough touchdown give directional distance glidepath information safe transition instrument visual flight",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/approach-sequence/",
      "title": "Approach Sequence",
      "text": "order which aircraft are positioned while approach awaiting clearance",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/approach-sequence-[icao]/",
      "title": "Approach Sequence [ICAO]",
      "text": "order which two aircraft are cleared approach land aerodrome",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/approach-speed/",
      "title": "Approach Speed",
      "text": "recommended speed contained aircraft manuals used by pilots making approach landing vary different segments well weight configuration",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/approach-with-vertical-guidance-apv/",
      "title": "Approach With Vertical Guidance (APV)",
      "text": "term used describe rnav approach procedures that provide lateral vertical guidance meet requirements considered precision",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/approach-departure-hold-area/",
      "title": "Approach/Departure Hold Area",
      "text": "locations taxiways approach departure areas runway designated protect landing departing aircraft these are identified by signs markings",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/appropriate-ats-authority-[icao]/",
      "title": "Appropriate Ats Authority [ICAO]",
      "text": "relevant authority designated by state responsible providing air traffic services airspace concerned united states appropriate ats program director planning procedures atp",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/appropriate-authority/",
      "title": "Appropriate Authority",
      "text": "regarding flight high seas relevant authority state registry having sovereignty territory being overflown",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/appropriate-obstacle-clearance-minimum-altitude/",
      "title": "Appropriate Obstacle Clearance Minimum Altitude",
      "text": "following",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/appropriate-terrain-clearance-minimum-altitude/",
      "title": "Appropriate Terrain Clearance Minimum Altitude",
      "text": "following",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/approved/",
      "title": "Approved",
      "text": "unless used reference another person means approved by faa whom delegated its authority matter concerned provisions bilateral agreement united states foreign country jurisdiction",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/apron/",
      "title": "Apron",
      "text": "defined area airport heliport intended accommodate aircraft purposes loading unloading passengers cargo refueling parking maintenance regard seaplanes ramp used access apron water",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/apron-[icao]/",
      "title": "Apron [ICAO]",
      "text": "defined area land aerodrome intended accommodate aircraft purposes loading unloading passengers mail cargo refueling parking maintenance",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/apu/",
      "title": "APU",
      "text": "auxiliary power unit",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/arc/",
      "title": "ARC",
      "text": "track ground aircraft flying constant distance navigational aid by reference measuring equipment dme",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/area-chart/",
      "title": "Area chart",
      "text": "part low altitude en route chart series furnishes terminal data larger scale congested areas",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/area-control-center-[icao]/",
      "title": "Area Control Center [ICAO]",
      "text": "air traffic control facility primarily responsible atc services being provided ifr aircraft en route phase flight us equivalent center artcc",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/area-forecast-fa/",
      "title": "Area forecast (FA)",
      "text": "report that gives picture clouds general weather conditions visual meteorological vmc expected large area encompassing several states",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/area-navigation-rnav/",
      "title": "Area Navigation (RNAV)",
      "text": "method navigation which permits aircraft operation desired flight path within coverage ground space based aids limits capability self contained combination these note area includes performance well operations that meet definition pcg allows pilot fly selected course predetermined point need overfly facilities by using waypoints phak",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/area-navigation-rnav-approach-configuration/",
      "title": "Area Navigation (RNAV) Approach Configuration",
      "text": "standard rnav approach whose design allows direct flight one three initial fixes iaf eliminates need procedure turns align extended centerline missed point map runway threshold final fix faf approachintermediate iafif two iafs established perpendicular modified single multiple runways terrain operational constraints allow may by increasing decreasing angle corner eliminating eliminated course reversal radar vectoring required busy terminals terminal arrival area taa controlled airspace conjunction configurations are areas straight left base right arc boundaries published portions aircraft transition en route structure nearest taas also eliminate reduce feeder routes departure extensions 30nm centered bounded line extending intermediate shares boundary except that extends side",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/area-navigation-rnav-global-positioning-system-gps-precision-runway-monitoring-prm-approach/",
      "title": "Area Navigation (RNAV) Global Positioning System (GPS) Precision Runway Monitoring (PRM) Approach",
      "text": "gps approach which requires vertical guidance used lieu another type prm conduct approaches parallel runways whose extended centerlines are separated by less 4300 feet least 3000 simultaneous close permitted also ils andor lda offset instrument soia operations",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/area-navigation-rnav-route/",
      "title": "Area Navigation (RNAV) Route",
      "text": "ats route based rnav that used by suitably equipped aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/arinc/",
      "title": "ARINC",
      "text": "acronym aeronautical radio inc corporation largely owned by group airlines arinc licensed fcc station contracted faa provide communications support air traffic control meteorological services portions international airspace",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/armed-forces/",
      "title": "Armed Forces",
      "text": "army navy air force marine corps coast guard including their regular reserve components members serving component status",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/army-aviation-flight-information-bulletin-usafib/",
      "title": "Army Aviation Flight Information Bulletin (USAFIB)",
      "text": "bulletin that provides air operation data covering army national guard reserve aviation activities",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/arresting-system/",
      "title": "Arresting System",
      "text": "safety device consisting two major components namely engaging catching devices energy absorption purpose arresting tailhook andor nontailhook equipped aircraft used prevent overrunning runways cannot stopped landing aborted takeoff systems have various names eg gear hook wire barrier cable",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/arrival-aircraft-interval-aai/",
      "title": "Arrival Aircraft Interval (AAI)",
      "text": "internally generated program hundredths minutes based upon aar aai desired optimum interval successive arrival aircraft vertex",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/arrival-center/",
      "title": "Arrival Center",
      "text": "artcc having jurisdiction impacted airport",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/arrival-delay-adly/",
      "title": "Arrival Delay (ADLY)",
      "text": "parameter which specifies period time aircraft metered arrival specified airport",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/arrival-sector/",
      "title": "Arrival Sector",
      "text": "operational control sector containing one meter fixes",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/arrival-sector-advisory-list/",
      "title": "Arrival Sector Advisory List",
      "text": "ordered list data arrivals displayed pvdmdm sector which controls meter fix",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/arrival-sequencing-program-asp/",
      "title": "Arrival Sequencing Program (ASP)",
      "text": "automated program designed assist sequencing aircraft destined airport",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/arrival-time/",
      "title": "Arrival Time",
      "text": "time aircraft touches arrival",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/asr/",
      "title": "ASR",
      "text": "airport surveillance radar",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/associated/",
      "title": "Associated",
      "text": "radar target displaying data block flight identification altitude information",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/asymmetric-thrust-also-known-as-p-factor/",
      "title": "Asymmetric thrust. Also known as P-factor",
      "text": "tendency aircraft yaw left due descending propeller blade right producing thrust ascending occurs aircrafts longitudinal axis climbing attitude relation relative wind p factor would had counterclockwise rotating",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/atc-advises/",
      "title": "ATC ADVISES",
      "text": "used prefix message noncontrol information relayed aircraft by air traffic controller",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/atc-assigned-airspace-atcaa/",
      "title": "ATC Assigned Airspace (ATCAA)",
      "text": "airspace defined verticallateral limits assigned by atc purpose providing air traffic segregation specified activities being conducted within ifr",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/atc-clearance/",
      "title": "ATC Clearance",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/atc-clears/",
      "title": "ATC CLEARS",
      "text": "used prefix atc clearance relayed aircraft by air traffic controller",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/atc-instructions/",
      "title": "ATC Instructions",
      "text": "directives issued by air traffic control purpose requiring pilot take specific actions eg turn left heading two five zero go around clear runway",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/atc-preferred-route-notification/",
      "title": "ATC Preferred Route Notification",
      "text": "edst notification appropriate controller need determine atc preferred route needs applied based destination airport",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/atc-preferred-routes/",
      "title": "ATC Preferred Routes",
      "text": "preferred routes that are automatically applied by host",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/atc-requests/",
      "title": "ATC REQUESTS",
      "text": "used prefix atc request relayed aircraft by air traffic controller",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/atc-security-services/",
      "title": "ATC Security Services",
      "text": "communications security tracking provided by atc facility support dhs dod federal elements interest national services are applicable within designated areas include basic radar flight following",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/atc-security-services-position/",
      "title": "ATC Security Services Position",
      "text": "position responsible providing atc security services defined does provide ifr separation vfr flight following area comprising airspace assigned one operating sectors may combined control positions",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/atc-security-tracking/",
      "title": "Atc Security Tracking",
      "text": "continuous tracking aircraft movement by atc facility support dhs dod security elements national using radar ie means eg manual providing basic services including traffic advisories defined section",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/atc-surveillance-source/",
      "title": "ATC Surveillance Source",
      "text": "used by atc establishing identification control separation using target depicted air traffic facilitys video display that met relevant safety standards operational use received one combination following surveillance sources radar see ads b automatic dependent broadcast wam wide area multilateration",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/atcrbs/",
      "title": "ATCRBS",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/atcscc/",
      "title": "ATCSCC",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/atct/",
      "title": "ATCT",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/atmospheric-propagation-delay/",
      "title": "Atmospheric propagation delay",
      "text": "bending electromagnetic em wave satellite that creates error gps system",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ats/",
      "title": "ATS",
      "text": "air traffic service",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ats-route-[icao]/",
      "title": "ATS Route [ICAO]",
      "text": "specified route designed channeling flow traffic necessary provision air services note term ats used mean variously airway advisory controlled uncontrolled arrival departure etc",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ats-surveillance-service-[icao]/",
      "title": "ATS Surveillance Service [ICAO]",
      "text": "term used indicate service provided directly by means ats surveillance system",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ats-surveillance-system-[icao]/",
      "title": "ATS Surveillance System [ICAO]",
      "text": "generic term meaning variously ads b psr ssr comparable ground based system that enables identification aircraft note one been demonstrated by comparative assessment methodology have level safety performance equal better monopulse",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/attention-all-users-page-aaup/",
      "title": "ATTENTION ALL USERS PAGE (AAUP)",
      "text": "aaup provides pilot additional information relative conducting specific operation example prm approaches rnav departures",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/attitude/",
      "title": "Attitude",
      "text": "personal motivational predisposition respond persons situations events given manner that nevertheless changed modified training sort mental shortcut decision making",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/attitude-and-heading-reference-system-ahrs/",
      "title": "Attitude and heading reference system (AHRS)",
      "text": "system composed three axis sensors that provide heading attitude yaw information aircraft ahrs are designed replace traditional mechanical gyroscopic flight instruments superior reliability accuracy",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/attitude-director-indicator-adi/",
      "title": "Attitude director indicator (ADI)",
      "text": "aircraft attitude indicator that incorporates flight command bars provide pitch roll commands",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/attitude-indicator/",
      "title": "Attitude indicator",
      "text": "foundation instrument flight reflects airplanes attitude relation horizon",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/attitude-instrument-flying/",
      "title": "Attitude instrument flying",
      "text": "controlling aircraft by reference instruments rather outside visual cues",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/attitude-management/",
      "title": "Attitude management",
      "text": "ability recognize hazardous attitudes oneself willingness modify necessary application appropriate antidote thought",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/autokinesis/",
      "title": "Autokinesis",
      "text": "nighttime visual illusion that stationary light moving which becomes apparent several seconds staring",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/autoland-approach/",
      "title": "Autoland Approach",
      "text": "autoland system aids by providing control aircraft systems precision instrument approach least decision altitude possibly way touchdown well cases landing rollout sub autopilot which surface management occurs sends instructions monitors performance integrity its execution",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/automated-information-transfer-ait/",
      "title": "Automated Information Transfer (AIT)",
      "text": "precoordinated process specifically defined facility directives which transfer altitude control andor radar identification accomplished verbal coordination controllers using information communicated full data block",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/automated-mutual-assistance-vessel-rescue-system-amver/",
      "title": "Automated Mutual-Assistance Vessel Rescue System (AMVER)",
      "text": "facility which deliver matter minutes surface picture surpic vessels area potential actual search rescue incident including their predicted positions characteristics",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/automated-problem-detection-apd/",
      "title": "Automated Problem Detection (APD)",
      "text": "automation processing capability that compares trajectories order predict conflicts",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/automated-problem-detection-boundary-apb/",
      "title": "Automated Problem Detection Boundary (APB)",
      "text": "adapted distance beyond facilities boundary defining airspace within which edst performs conflict detection",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/automated-problem-detection-inhibited-area-apdia/",
      "title": "Automated Problem Detection Inhibited Area (APDIA)",
      "text": "airspace surrounding terminal area within which apd inhibited flights that",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/automated-radar-terminal-systems-arts/",
      "title": "Automated Radar Terminal Systems (ARTS)",
      "text": "generic term several tracking systems included terminal automation tas arts plus suffix roman numeral denotes major modification that system iiia radar beacon level rtampbtl modular programmable automated detects tracks predicts primary well secondary derived aircraft targets sophisticated computer driven upgrades existing iii by providing improved continuous data recording fail soft capabilities common includes iie iiie acd see dtas which combines functionalities previous",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/automated-surface-observing-system-asos/",
      "title": "Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS)",
      "text": "weather reporting system which provides surface observations every minute via digitized voice broadcasts printed reports",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/automated-unicom/",
      "title": "Automated UNICOM",
      "text": "provides completely automated weather radio check capability airport advisory information unicom system these systems offer variety features typically selectable by microphone clicks frequency availability published chart supplement us approach charts",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/automated-weather-observing-system-awos/",
      "title": "Automated Weather Observing System (AWOS)",
      "text": "automated weather reporting system consisting various sensors processor computer generated voice subsystem transmitter broadcast data",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/automated-weather-system/",
      "title": "Automated Weather System",
      "text": "automated weather sensor platforms that collect data airports disseminate information via radio andor landline systems currently consist surface observing system asos observation awos",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/automatic-altitude-report/",
      "title": "Automatic Altitude Report",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/automatic-altitude-reporting/",
      "title": "Automatic Altitude Reporting",
      "text": "that function transponder which responds mode c interrogations by transmitting aircrafts altitude 100 foot increments",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/automatic-carrier-landing-system-acls/",
      "title": "Automatic Carrier Landing System (ACLS)",
      "text": "us navy final approach equipment consisting precision tracking radar coupled computer data link provide continuous information aircraft monitoring capability pilot backup system",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/automatic-dependent-surveillance-ads-[icao]/",
      "title": "Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS) [ICAO]",
      "text": "surveillance technique which aircraft automatically provide via data link derived board navigation position fixing systems including identification four dimensional additional appropriate",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/automatic-dependent-surveillance-broadcast-ads-b/",
      "title": "Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B)",
      "text": "surveillance system which aircraft vehicle detected fitted cooperative equipment form data link transmitter periodically broadcasts its gnss derived position required information identity velocity received by ground based space receiver processing display air traffic control facility well suitably equipped",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/automatic-dependent-surveillance-broadcast-in-ads-b-in/",
      "title": "Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast IN (ADS-B In)",
      "text": "aircraft avionics capable receiving ads b transmissions directly well traffic weather information transmitted ground stations",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/automatic-dependent-surveillance-broadcast-out-ads-b-out/",
      "title": "Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast OUT (ADS-B Out)",
      "text": "transmitter onboard aircraft ground vehicle that periodically broadcasts its gnss derived position along required information identity altitude velocity",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/automatic-dependent-surveillance-contract-ads-c/",
      "title": "Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Contract (ADS-C)",
      "text": "data link position reporting system controlled by ground station that establishes contracts aircrafts avionics occur automatically whenever specific events time intervals are reached",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/automatic-dependent-surveillance-rebroadcast-ads-r/",
      "title": "Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Rebroadcast (ADS-R)",
      "text": "datalink translation function ads b ground system required accommodate two separate operating frequencies 978 mhz 1090 receives messages transmitted one frequency r translates reformats information rebroadcast use allows equipped aircraft see nearby traffic regardless link exchange directly require",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/automatic-dependent-surveillance—broadcast-ads-b/",
      "title": "Automatic dependent surveillance—broadcast (ADS–B)",
      "text": "function aircraft vehicle that periodically broadcasts its state vector ie horizontal vertical position velocity information",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/automatic-direction-finder-adf/",
      "title": "Automatic Direction Finder (ADF)",
      "text": "aircraft radio navigation system which senses indicates direction lmf nondirectional beacon ndb ground transmitter indicated pilot magnetic bearing relative longitudinal axis depending type indicator installed certain applications military adf operations may based airborne transmitters vhfuhf frequency spectrum",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/automatic-flight-information-service-afis-alaska-fsss-only/",
      "title": "Automatic Flight Information Service (AFIS) - Alaska FSSs Only",
      "text": "continuous broadcast recorded non control information airports alaska fss provides local airport advisory service afis automates repetitive transmission essential routine weather wind altimeter favored runway braking action notams applicable continuously discrete vhf radio frequency usually asosawos",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/automatic-terminal-information-service-atis/",
      "title": "Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS)",
      "text": "continuous broadcast recorded noncontrol information selected terminal areas its purpose improve controller effectiveness relieve frequency congestion by automating repetitive transmission essential routine eg los angeles alfa one three zero coordinated universal time weather measured ceiling two thousand overcast visibility haze smoke temperature seven dew point five wind altimeter niner six l runway left approach use right closed advise have",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/automatic-terminal-information-service-atis-[icao]/",
      "title": "Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) [ICAO]",
      "text": "provision current routine information arriving departing aircraft by means continuous repetitive broadcasts throughout day specified portion",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/autopilot/",
      "title": "Autopilot",
      "text": "automatic flight control system which keeps aircraft level set course pilots directed by pilot they may coupled radio navigation signal",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/autorotation/",
      "title": "Autorotation",
      "text": "rotorcraft flight condition which lifting rotor driven entirely by action air motion autorotative landingtouchdown autorotation used pilot indicate that landing made applying power low level commences altitude well traffic pattern usually 100 feet agl primarily tactical military training 180 degrees initiated downwind heading commenced inside normal go around may possible latter part maneuver",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/auxiliary-rotor/",
      "title": "Auxiliary rotor",
      "text": "rotor that serves either counteract effect main torque rotorcraft maneuver one its three principal axes",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/available-landing-distance-ald/",
      "title": "Available Landing Distance (ALD)",
      "text": "portion runway available landing roll aircraft cleared lahso distance measured threshold hold short point",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/aviation-medical-examiner-ame/",
      "title": "Aviation medical examiner (AME)",
      "text": "physician training aviation medicine designated by civil aerospace medical institute cami",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/aviation-routine-weather-report-metar/",
      "title": "Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)",
      "text": "observation current surface weather reported standard international format",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/aviation-weather-service/",
      "title": "Aviation Weather Service",
      "text": "service provided by national weather nws faa which collects disseminates pertinent information pilots aircraft operators atc available aviation reports forecasts are displayed office fss",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/aww/",
      "title": "AWW",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/axes-of-an-aircraft/",
      "title": "Axes of an aircraft",
      "text": "three imaginary lines that pass aircrafts center gravity axes considered axles around which aircraft rotates 90 angles axis nose tail longitudinal pitch passes wingtip lateral roll vertically vertical yaw",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/axial-flow-compressor/",
      "title": "Axial flow compressor",
      "text": "type compressor used turbine engine which airflow essentially linear axial flow made several stages alternate rotors stators ratio determined by decrease area succeeding",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/azimuth-card/",
      "title": "Azimuth card",
      "text": "card that may set gyroscopically controlled driven by remote compass",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/b4ufly/",
      "title": "B4UFLY",
      "text": "free downloadable application which allows operators check airspace local advisories flying",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/back-course-bc/",
      "title": "Back course (BC)",
      "text": "reciprocal localizer course ils flying back approach aircraft approaches instrument runway end which antennas are installed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/back-taxi/",
      "title": "Back-Taxi",
      "text": "term used by air traffic controllers taxi aircraft runway opposite flow may instructed back beginning point reaching end purpose departure exit",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/balance-tab/",
      "title": "Balance tab",
      "text": "auxiliary control mounted primary surface which automatically moves direction opposite provide aerodynamic assist movement",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/balloon/",
      "title": "Balloon",
      "text": "lighter air aircraft that engine driven sustains flight use either gas buoyancy airborne heater",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/baro-aiding/",
      "title": "Baro-aiding",
      "text": "method augmenting gps integrity solution by using nonsatellite input source ensure that baro aiding available current altimeter setting must entered described operating manual",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/barometric-scale/",
      "title": "Barometric scale",
      "text": "scale dial altimeter which pilot sets barometric pressure level altitude shown by pointers measured",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/base-leg/",
      "title": "Base Leg",
      "text": "term used by air traffic controllers taxi aircraft runway opposite flow may instructed back beginning point reaching end purpose departure exit",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/basic-empty-weight-gama/",
      "title": "Basic empty weight (GAMA)",
      "text": "basic empty weight includes standard plus optional special equipment that been installed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/beacon/",
      "title": "Beacon",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/bearing/",
      "title": "Bearing",
      "text": "horizontal direction point usually measured clockwise true north magnetic reference 360 degrees",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/below-minimums/",
      "title": "Below Minimums",
      "text": "weather conditions minimums prescribed by regulation particular action involved eg landing takeoff",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/bernoullis-principle/",
      "title": "Bernoulli’s Principle",
      "text": "principle that explains pressure moving fluid varies its speed motion increase movement causes decrease fluids",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/beyond-visual-line-of-sight-bvlos/",
      "title": "Beyond Visual Line Of Sight (BVLOS)",
      "text": "operation uas beyond visual capability flight crew members ie remote pilot command rpic person manipulating controls observer vo used see aircraft vision unaided by device corrective lenses spectacles contact",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/biplanes/",
      "title": "Biplanes",
      "text": "airplanes two sets wings",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/blast-fence/",
      "title": "Blast Fence",
      "text": "barrier that used divert dissipate jet propeller blast",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/blast-pad/",
      "title": "Blast Pad",
      "text": "surface adjacent ends runway provided reduce erosive effect jet blast propeller wash",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/blind-speed/",
      "title": "Blind Speed",
      "text": "rate departure closing target relative radar antenna which cancellation primary by moving indicator mti circuits equipment causes reduction complete loss signal",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/blind-spot/",
      "title": "Blind Spot",
      "text": "area which radio transmissions andor radar echoes cannot received term also used describe portions airport visible control tower",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/blind-transmission/",
      "title": "Blind Transmission",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/blind-velocity-[icao]/",
      "title": "Blind Velocity [ICAO]",
      "text": "radial velocity moving target that seen primary radars fitted certain forms fixed echo suppression",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/blind-zone/",
      "title": "Blind Zone",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/block-altitude/",
      "title": "Block altitude",
      "text": "block altitudes assigned by atc allow altitude deviations example maintain 11 thousand",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/blocked/",
      "title": "Blocked",
      "text": "phraseology used indicate that radio transmission been distorted interrupted due multiple simultaneous transmissions",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/bottom-altitude/",
      "title": "Bottom Altitude",
      "text": "reference published altitude restrictions star runway transition lowest authorized",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/boundary-lights/",
      "title": "Boundary Lights",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/brake-horsepower/",
      "title": "Brake horsepower",
      "text": "power delivered propeller shaft main drive output aircraft engine",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/braking-action/",
      "title": "Braking Action",
      "text": "report conditions airport movement area providing pilot degreequality braking expect action reported terms good medium poor nil",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/braking-action-advisories/",
      "title": "Braking Action Advisories",
      "text": "tower controllers receive runway braking action reports which include terms medium poor nil whenever weather conditions are conducive deteriorating rapidly changing atis broadcast statement advisories effect time atc issue current report use arriving departing aircraft pilots prepared request condition information issued by also provide descriptive landing",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/breakout/",
      "title": "Breakout",
      "text": "technique direct aircraft approach stream context simultaneous independent parallel operations breakout used threatened away deviating",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/broadcast/",
      "title": "Broadcast",
      "text": "transmission information which acknowledgement expected",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/broadcast-[icao]/",
      "title": "Broadcast [ICAO]",
      "text": "transmission information relating air navigation that addressed specific station stations",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/buffer-area/",
      "title": "Buffer Area",
      "text": "applied mva mia chart depicted three five nm radius mvamia sector isolating displayed obstacle which established portion buffer area also inclusive polygon boundary",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/bypass-ratio/",
      "title": "Bypass ratio",
      "text": "ratio mass airflow pounds per second fan section turbofan engine that passes gas generator portion",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/cabin-altitude/",
      "title": "Cabin altitude",
      "text": "cabin pressure terms equivalent altitude sea level",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/cage/",
      "title": "Cage",
      "text": "black markings ball instrument indicating its neutral position",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/calculated-landing-time-clt/",
      "title": "Calculated Landing Time (CLT)",
      "text": "term that may used place tentative actual calculated landing time whichever applies",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/calibrated/",
      "title": "Calibrated",
      "text": "instrument indication compared standard value determine accuracy",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/calibrated-airspeed/",
      "title": "Calibrated airspeed",
      "text": "indicated airspeed aircraft corrected position instrument error calibrated equal true standard atmosphere sea level",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/calibrated-orifice/",
      "title": "Calibrated orifice",
      "text": "hole specific diameter used delay pressure change case vertical speed indicator",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/call-for-release-cfr/",
      "title": "Call For Release (CFR)",
      "text": "wherein overlying artcc requires terminal facility initiate verbal coordination secure approval release departure en route environment",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/call-up/",
      "title": "Call Up",
      "text": "initial voice contact facility aircraft using identification unit being called initiating call",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/camber/",
      "title": "Camber",
      "text": "camber airfoil characteristic curve its upper lower surfaces pronounced while comparatively flat causes velocity airflow immediately wing much higher that",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/camp/",
      "title": "CAMP",
      "text": "continuous airworthiness maintenance program",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/canadian-minimum-navigation-performance-specification-airspace-cmnps/",
      "title": "Canadian Minimum Navigation Performance Specification Airspace (CMNPS)",
      "text": "that portion canadian domestic airspace within which mnps separation may applied",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/canard/",
      "title": "Canard",
      "text": "horizontal surface mounted ahead main wing provide longitudinal stability control may fixed movable variable geometry surfaces",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/canard-configuration/",
      "title": "Canard configuration",
      "text": "configuration which span forward wing substantially less that main",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/cantilever/",
      "title": "Cantilever",
      "text": "wing designed carry loads external struts",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/cardinal-altitudes/",
      "title": "Cardinal Altitudes",
      "text": "odd even thousand foot altitudes flight levels eg 5000 6000 7000 fl 250 260 270",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/cardinal-flight-levels/",
      "title": "Cardinal Flight Levels",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/cas/",
      "title": "CAS",
      "text": "calibrated airspeed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/cat-ii/",
      "title": "CAT II",
      "text": "category ii",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/catch-point/",
      "title": "Catch Point",
      "text": "fixwaypoint that serves transition point high altitude waypoint navigation structure arrival procedure star low ground based",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/category/",
      "title": "Category",
      "text": "used respect certification ratings privileges limitations airmen means broad classification aircraft examples include airplane rotorcraft glider lighter air grouping based upon intended use operating transport normal utility acrobatic limited restricted provisional category multiengine designed engine system isolation features specified part 29 utilizing scheduled takeoff landing operations critical failure concept which assures adequate designated surface area performance capability continued safe flight event b single fully meet standards have guaranteed stay ability unscheduled assumed ii operation straight ils approach runway airport instrument procedure issued by administrator appropriate authority iii using iiia decision height dh 100 feet 30 meters controlling visual range less 700 200 iiib 50 15 150 iiic limitation",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/cdi/",
      "title": "CDI",
      "text": "course deviation indicator",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ceiling/",
      "title": "Ceiling",
      "text": "height earths surface lowest layer clouds obscuring phenomena that reported broken overcast obscuration classified thin partial",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ceiling-[icao]/",
      "title": "Ceiling [ICAO]",
      "text": "height ground water base lowest layer cloud 6000 meters 20000 feet covering half sky",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/center-of-gravity-cg/",
      "title": "Center of gravity (CG)",
      "text": "point which airplane would balance were possible suspend that mass center theoretical entire weight assumed concentrated may expressed inches reference datum percentage mean aerodynamic chord mac location depends distribution",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/center-of-gravity-limits/",
      "title": "Center of gravity limits",
      "text": "specified forward aft points within which cg must located flight these limits are indicated pertinent airplane specifications",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/center-of-gravity-range/",
      "title": "Center of gravity range",
      "text": "distance forward aft cg limits indicated pertinent airplane specifications",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/center-of-pressure/",
      "title": "Center of pressure",
      "text": "point along wing chord line lift considered concentrated reason center pressure commonly referred",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/center-radar-arts-presentation-processing-cenrap/",
      "title": "Center Radar Arts Presentation/processing (CENRAP)",
      "text": "computer program developed provide back system airport surveillance radar event failure malfunction uses air route traffic control center processing presentation data arts iia iiia displays",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/center-radar-arts-presentation-processing-plus-cenrap-plus/",
      "title": "Center Radar Arts Presentation/processing-Plus (CENRAP-PLUS)",
      "text": "computer program developed provide back system airport surveillance radar event terminal secondary failure uses combination air route traffic control center primary targets displayed simultaneously processing presentation data arts iia iiia displays",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/center-tracon-automation-system-ctas/",
      "title": "Center Tracon Automation System (CTAS)",
      "text": "computerized set programs designed aid air route traffic control centers tracons management",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/center-weather-advisory-cwa/",
      "title": "Center Weather Advisory (CWA)",
      "text": "unscheduled weather advisory issued by center service unit meteorologists atc use alert pilots existing anticipated adverse conditions within next hours cwa may modify redefine sigmet",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/centers-area/",
      "title": "Center's Area",
      "text": "specified airspace within which air route traffic control center artcc provides advisory service",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/central-east-pacific-cep/",
      "title": "Central East Pacific (CEP)",
      "text": "organized route system us west coast hawaii",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/centrifugal-flow-compressor/",
      "title": "Centrifugal flow compressor",
      "text": "impeller shaped device that receives air its center slings outward high velocity diffuser increased pressure also referred radial outflow compressor",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/centrifugal-force/",
      "title": "Centrifugal force",
      "text": "outward force that opposes centripetal resulting effect inertia turn",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/centripetal-force/",
      "title": "Centripetal force",
      "text": "center seeking force directed inward toward rotation created by horizontal component lift turning flight",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/certified-tower-radar-display-ctrd/",
      "title": "Certified Tower Radar Display (CTRD)",
      "text": "faa radar display certified use nas",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/chaff/",
      "title": "Chaff",
      "text": "thin narrow metallic reflectors various lengths frequency responses used reflect radar energy these dropped aircraft allowed drift downward result large targets display chart supplement us publication designed primarily pilots operational manual containing airports seaplane bases heliports open public including communications data navigational facilities certain special notices procedures issued seven volumes according geographical area",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/changeover-point-cop/",
      "title": "Changeover point (COP)",
      "text": "point along route airway segment two adjacent navigation facilities waypoints changeover guidance occur",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/chart-supplement-us/",
      "title": "Chart Supplement U.S.",
      "text": "publication designed primarily pilots operational manual containing airports seaplane bases heliports open public including communications data navigational facilities certain special notices procedures issued seven volumes according geographical area formerly airportfacility directory afd",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/charted-vfr-flyways/",
      "title": "Charted VFR Flyways",
      "text": "charted vfr flyways are flight paths recommended use bypass areas heavily traversed by large turbine powered aircraft pilot compliance associated altitudes strictly voluntary flyway planning charts published back existing terminal area",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/charted-visual-flight-procedure-approach/",
      "title": "Charted Visual Flight Procedure Approach",
      "text": "approach conducted while operating instrument flight rules ifr plan which authorizes pilot aircraft proceed visually clear clouds airport via visual landmarks information depicted charted procedure must authorized control appropriate air traffic facility weather minimums required are chart",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/chase/",
      "title": "Chase",
      "text": "aircraft flown proximity another normally observe its performance training testing",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/chase-aircraft/",
      "title": "Chase Aircraft",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/chdo/",
      "title": "CHDO",
      "text": "faa flight standards certificate holding district office",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/checklist/",
      "title": "Checklist",
      "text": "tool that used human factors aid aviation safety systematic sequential list operations must performed properly accomplish task",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/chop/",
      "title": "Chop",
      "text": "form turbulence light chop that causes slight rapid somewhat rhythmic bumpiness appreciable changes altitude attitude moderate similar greater intensity bumps jolts aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/chord-line/",
      "title": "Chord line",
      "text": "imaginary straight line drawn airfoil leading edge trailing",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/circle-to-runway-runway-number/",
      "title": "CIRCLE TO RUNWAY (runway number)",
      "text": "used by atc inform pilot that heshe must circle land because runway use aligned instrument approach procedure direction circling maneuver relation airportrunway required controller state eight cardinal compass points specify left right downwind base leg appropriate eg cleared vor three six two northwest airport",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/circle-to-land-maneuver/",
      "title": "Circle-to-Land Maneuver",
      "text": "maneuver initiated by pilot align aircraft runway landing straight instrument approach possible desirable tower controlled airports made atc authorization been obtained established required visual reference airport",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/circling-approach/",
      "title": "Circling approach",
      "text": "maneuver initiated by pilot align aircraft runway landing straight instrument approach possible desirable",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/circling-maneuver/",
      "title": "Circling Maneuver",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/circling-minima/",
      "title": "Circling Minima",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/civil-aircraft/",
      "title": "Civil Aircraft",
      "text": "aircraft public",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/civil-aircraft-operations-cao/",
      "title": "Civil Aircraft Operations (CAO)",
      "text": "aircraft operations public use",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/class/",
      "title": "Class",
      "text": "used respect certification ratings privileges limitations airmen means classification aircraft within category having similar operating characteristics examples include single engine multiengine land water gyroplane helicopter airship free balloon broad grouping propulsion flight landing airplane rotorcraft glider landplane seaplane",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/class-a-airspace/",
      "title": "Class A Airspace",
      "text": "airspace 18000 feet msl including fl 600 overlying waters within 12 nm coast 48 contiguous states alaska designated international beyond areas domestic radio navigational signal atc radar coverage which procedures are applied",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/class-b-airspace/",
      "title": "Class B Airspace",
      "text": "airspace surface 10000 feet msl surrounding nations busiest airports terms ifr operations passenger numbers configuration class b individually tailored consists area two layers designed contain published instrument procedures aircraft enters atc clearance required operate cleared receive separation services within",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/class-c-airspace/",
      "title": "Class C Airspace",
      "text": "airspace surface 4000 feet airport elevation charted msl surrounding airports having operational control tower serviced by radar approach certain number ifr operations passenger numbers although configuration class c area individually tailored usually consists nm radius core that extends 10 shelf 1200",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/class-d-airspace/",
      "title": "Class D Airspace",
      "text": "airspace surface 2500 feet airport elevation charted msl surrounding airports that have operational control tower configuration class d area individually tailored instrument procedures are published normally designed contain",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/class-e-airspace/",
      "title": "Class E Airspace",
      "text": "airspace that class b c d controlled",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/class-g-airspace/",
      "title": "Class G Airspace",
      "text": "airspace that uncontrolled except associated temporary control tower been designated class b c d e",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/clean-configuration/",
      "title": "Clean configuration",
      "text": "configuration which flight control surfaces have been placed create minimum drag aircraft means flaps gear retracted",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/clear-air-turbulence-cat/",
      "title": "Clear Air Turbulence (CAT)",
      "text": "turbulence encountered air clouds are present term commonly applied high level associated wind shear cat often vicinity jet stream",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/clear-ice/",
      "title": "Clear ice",
      "text": "glossy clear translucent ice formed by relatively slow freezing large supercooled water droplets",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/clear-of-the-runway/",
      "title": "CLEAR OF THE RUNWAY",
      "text": "taxiing aircraft which approaching runway clear parts are held short applicable holding position marking pilot controller may consider exiting crossing beyond edge restrictions its continued movement pilots controllers shall exercise good judgement ensure that adequate separation exists runways taxiways airports inadequate lines markings",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/clearance/",
      "title": "Clearance",
      "text": "atc permission aircraft proceed specified traffic conditions within controlled airspace purpose providing separation known",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/clearance-delivery/",
      "title": "Clearance delivery",
      "text": "control tower position responsible transmitting departure clearances ifr flights",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/clearance-limit/",
      "title": "Clearance Limit",
      "text": "fix point location which aircraft cleared issued air traffic clearance",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/clearance-limit-[icao]/",
      "title": "Clearance Limit [ICAO]",
      "text": "point which aircraft granted air traffic control clearance",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/clearance-on-request/",
      "title": "CLEARANCE ON REQUEST",
      "text": "ifr clearance yet received filing flight plan",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/clearance-void-if-not-off-by-time/",
      "title": "CLEARANCE VOID IF NOT OFF BY (TIME)",
      "text": "used by atc advise aircraft that departure clearance automatically canceled takeoff made prior specified time pilot must obtain new cancel hisher ifr flight plan",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/clearance-void-time/",
      "title": "Clearance void time",
      "text": "used by atc time which departure clearance automatically canceled takeoff been made pilot must obtain new cancel ifr flight plan specified",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/clearance-void-time-[icao]/",
      "title": "CLEARANCE VOID TIME [ICAO]",
      "text": "time specified by air traffic control unit which clearance ceases valid unless aircraft concerned already taken action comply therewith",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/cleared-type-of-approach/",
      "title": "CLEARED (Type of) APPROACH",
      "text": "atc authorization aircraft execute specific instrument approach procedure airport eg cleared ils runway three six",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/cleared-approach/",
      "title": "CLEARED APPROACH",
      "text": "atc authorization aircraft execute standard special instrument approach procedure that airport normally cleared specific",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/cleared-as-filed/",
      "title": "CLEARED AS FILED",
      "text": "means aircraft cleared proceed accordance route flight filed plan clearance does include altitude dp transition",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/cleared-for-takeoff/",
      "title": "CLEARED FOR TAKEOFF",
      "text": "atc authorization aircraft depart predicated known traffic physical airport conditions",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/cleared-for-the-option/",
      "title": "CLEARED FOR THE OPTION",
      "text": "atc authorization aircraft make touch go low approach missed stop full landing discretion pilot normally used training that instructor evaluate students performance changing situations pilots advise they decide remain runway delay their clearing are unable comply instructions",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/cleared-through/",
      "title": "CLEARED THROUGH",
      "text": "atc authorization aircraft make intermediate stops specified airports refiling flight plan while en route clearance limit",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/cleared-to-land/",
      "title": "CLEARED TO LAND",
      "text": "atc authorization aircraft land predicated known traffic physical airport conditions",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/clearway/",
      "title": "Clearway",
      "text": "turbine engine powered airplanes certificated august 29 1959 area beyond runway less 500 feet wide centrally located extended centerline control airport authorities clearway expressed terms plane extending end upward slope exceeding 125 percent which object nor terrain protrudes however threshold lights may protrude their height 26 inches they are side september 30 1958 takeoff 300 either elevation higher clear fixed obstacles far definition within extend specified limits these areas required certain operations size differ depending aircraft pcg",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/climb-to-vfr/",
      "title": "CLIMB TO VFR",
      "text": "atc authorization aircraft climb vfr conditions within class b c d e surface areas weather limitation restricted visibility must remain clear clouds while climbing",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/climb-via/",
      "title": "CLIMB VIA",
      "text": "abbreviated atc clearance that requires compliance procedure lateral path associated speed restrictions altitude along cleared route",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/climbout/",
      "title": "Climbout",
      "text": "that portion flight operation takeoff initial cruising altitude",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/climbout-speed/",
      "title": "Climbout speed",
      "text": "respect rotorcraft means referenced airspeed which results flight path clear height velocity envelope initial climbout",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/close-parallel-runways/",
      "title": "Close Parallel Runways",
      "text": "two parallel runways whose extended centerlines are separated by less 4300 feet least 3000 750 soia operations which atc authorized conduct simultaneous independent approach prm close appear title dual communications special pilot training attention users page aaup ntz monitoring displays that have aural visual alerting algorithms required high update rate surveillance sensor certain runway course spacing",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/closed-runway/",
      "title": "Closed Runway",
      "text": "runway that unusable aircraft operations airport managementmilitary office close",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/closed-traffic/",
      "title": "Closed Traffic",
      "text": "successive operations involving takeoffs landings low approaches aircraft does exit traffic pattern",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/cloud/",
      "title": "Cloud",
      "text": "cloud visible accumulation minute water droplets andor ice particles atmosphere earths surface differs ground fog that latter are by definition contact",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/clutter/",
      "title": "Clutter",
      "text": "radar operations clutter refers reception visual display returns caused by precipitation chaff terrain numerous aircraft targets phenomena may limit preclude atc providing services based",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/cmp/",
      "title": "CMP",
      "text": "configuration maintenance procedures",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/coastal-fix/",
      "title": "Coastal Fix",
      "text": "navigation aid intersection aircraft transitions domestic route structure oceanic",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/codes/",
      "title": "Codes",
      "text": "number assigned particular multiple pulse reply signal transmitted by transponder",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/coefficient-of-lift-cl/",
      "title": "Coefficient of lift (CL)",
      "text": "ratio lift pressure dynamic",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/cold-front/",
      "title": "Cold front",
      "text": "boundary two air masses cold replacing warm",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/cold-temperature-compensation/",
      "title": "Cold Temperature Compensation",
      "text": "action part pilot adjust aircrafts indicated altitude due effect cold temperatures true terrain versus aircraft amount compensation required increases greater rate decrease temperature increase height reporting station",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/collaborative-trajectory-options-program-ctop/",
      "title": "Collaborative Trajectory Options Program (CTOP)",
      "text": "ctop traffic management program administered by air control system command center atcscc that manages demand constrained airspace while considering operator preference regard route delay defined trajectory options set tos",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/combined-center-rapcon-cerap/",
      "title": "Combined Center-RAPCON (CERAP)",
      "text": "air traffic facility which combines functions artcc radar approach control",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/commercial-air-tour/",
      "title": "Commercial air tour",
      "text": "flight conducted compensation hire airplane helicopter purpose sightseeing faa may consider following factors determining whether commercial air tour holding public willingness conduct person offering provided narrative that referred areas points interest surface route area operation often conducts flights inclusion part travel arrangement package question would have been canceled based poor visibility considers appropriate",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/commercial-operator/",
      "title": "Commercial operator",
      "text": "person who compensation hire engages carriage by aircraft air commerce persons property carrier foreign authority part 375 title doubtful that operation test applied whether merely incidental business itself major enterprise profit",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/common-point/",
      "title": "Common Point",
      "text": "significant point which two aircraft report passing have reported proceeding diverging tracks establishmaintain longitudinal separation controller may determine common originally aircrafts flight plan clear fly",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/common-portion/",
      "title": "common Portion",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/common-route/",
      "title": "Common Route",
      "text": "that segment north american route inland navigation facility coastal fix common typically portion rnav star en transition end point runway start however may consist single joins transitions",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/common-traffic-advisory-frequency-ctaf/",
      "title": "Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF)",
      "text": "frequency designed purpose carrying airport advisory practices while operating control tower ctaf may unicom multicom fss identified appropriate aeronautical publications",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/community−based-organization-cbo/",
      "title": "Community−Based Organization (CBO)",
      "text": "membershipbased entity described section 501ac whose mission furtherance model aviation",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/commuter-operation/",
      "title": "Commuter operation",
      "text": "scheduled operation conducted by person operating one following types aircraft frequency operations least five round trips per week route two points according published flight schedules airplanes turbojet powered having maximum passenger seat configuration seats less excluding crewmember payload capacity 7500 pounds rotorcraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/compass-course/",
      "title": "Compass course",
      "text": "true course corrected variation deviation errors",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/compass-locator/",
      "title": "Compass Locator",
      "text": "low power medium frequency lmf radio beacon installed site outer middle marker instrument landing system ils used navigation distances approximately 15 miles authorized approach procedure compass locator lom see lmm",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/compass-rose/",
      "title": "Compass Rose",
      "text": "circle graduated degrees printed charts marked ground airport used reference either true magnetic direction",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/complex-aircraft/",
      "title": "Complex aircraft",
      "text": "aircraft retractable landing gear flaps controllable pitch propeller",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/comply-with-restrictions/",
      "title": "Comply With Restrictions",
      "text": "atc instruction that requires aircraft being vectored back onto arrival departure procedure comply altitude andor speed restrictions depicted term may used lieu repeating remaining restriction appears",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/composite-flight-plan/",
      "title": "Composite Flight Plan",
      "text": "flight plan which specifies vfr operation one portion ifr another used primarily military operations",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/compressor-pressure-ratio/",
      "title": "Compressor pressure ratio",
      "text": "ratio compressor discharge pressure inlet",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/compressor-stall/",
      "title": "Compressor stall",
      "text": "gas turbine engines condition axial flow compressor which one stages rotor blades fail pass air smoothly succeeding stall caused by pressure ratio that incompatible engine rpm indicated rise exhaust temperature fluctuation allowed continue may result flameout physical damage",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/compulsory-reporting-points/",
      "title": "Compulsory Reporting Points",
      "text": "reporting points which must reported atc they are designated aeronautical charts by solid triangles filed flight plan fixes selected define direct routes these geographical locations defined navigation aidsfixes pilots discontinue position compulsory informed that their aircraft radar contact",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/computer-navigation-fix/",
      "title": "Computer navigation fix",
      "text": "point used define navigation track airborne computer system gps fms",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/computer-navigation-fix-cnf/",
      "title": "Computer Navigation Fix (CNF)",
      "text": "computer navigation fix point defined by latitudelongitude coordinate required support performance based pbn operations five letter identifier denoting cnf found next x en route charts approach eventually cnfs labeled begin letters cf followed three consonants eg cfwbg are recognized atc contained automation databases used purposes pilots use proceed direct filing flight plan aircraftatc communications been adopted international civil aviation organization icao",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/concentric-rings/",
      "title": "Concentric rings",
      "text": "dashed line circles depicted plan view iap charts outside reference circle that show en route feeder facilities",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/condensation/",
      "title": "Condensation",
      "text": "change state water gas vapor liquid",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/condensation-nuclei/",
      "title": "Condensation nuclei",
      "text": "small particles solid matter air which water vapor condenses",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/conditions-not-monitored/",
      "title": "Conditions Not Monitored",
      "text": "airport operator cannot monitor condition movement area airfield surface information issued notam usually necessitated due staffing operating hours mitigating factors associated operations",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/cone-of-confusion/",
      "title": "Cone of confusion",
      "text": "cone shaped volume airspace directly vor station signal received causing cdi fluctuate",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/confidence-maneuver/",
      "title": "Confidence Maneuver",
      "text": "confidence maneuver consists one turns climb descent determine pilot command pic able receive comply atc instructions",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/configuration/",
      "title": "Configuration",
      "text": "general term which normally refers position landing gear flaps",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/configuration-maintenance-and-procedures-cmp-document/",
      "title": "Configuration, Maintenance, and Procedures (CMP) document",
      "text": "document approved by faa that contains minimum configuration operating maintenance requirements hardware life limits master equipment list mmel constraints necessary airplane engine combination meet etops type design approval",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/conflict-alert/",
      "title": "Conflict Alert",
      "text": "function certain air traffic control automated systems designed alert radar controllers existing pending situations tracked targets known ifr vfr aircraft that require hisher immediate attentionaction",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/conflict-resolution/",
      "title": "Conflict Resolution",
      "text": "resolution potential conflictions aircraft that are radar identified communication atc by ensuring targets touch pertinent traffic advisories shall issued procedure applied note provided utilizing mosaic systems",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/conformance/",
      "title": "Conformance",
      "text": "condition established aircrafts actual position within conformance region constructed around that aircraft its according trajectory associated current plan",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/conformance-region/",
      "title": "Conformance Region",
      "text": "volume bounded laterally vertically longitudinally within which aircraft must given time order conformance current plan trajectory that region determined by simultaneous application lateral vertical longitudinal bounds position defined aircrafts",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/consensus-standard/",
      "title": "Consensus standard",
      "text": "means purpose certificating light sport aircraft industry developed consensus standard that applies design production airworthiness includes limited standards performance required equipment manufacturer quality assurance systems acceptance test procedures operating instructions maintenance inspection identification recording major repairs alterations continued",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/consolan/",
      "title": "CONSOLAN",
      "text": "low frequency long distance navaid used principally transoceanic navigations",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/consolconsolan/",
      "title": "CONSOLCONSOLAN",
      "text": "consol consolan means kind low medium frequency long range navigational aid",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/constant-speed-propeller/",
      "title": "Constant-speed propeller",
      "text": "controllable pitch propeller whose automatically varied flight by governor maintain constant rpm spite varying air loads",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/contact/",
      "title": "CONTACT",
      "text": "establish communication followed by name facility appropriate frequency used flight condition wherein pilot ascertains attitude hisher aircraft navigates visual reference surface",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/contact-approach/",
      "title": "Contact Approach",
      "text": "approach wherein aircraft ifr flight plan having air traffic control authorization operating clear clouds least mile visibility reasonable expectation continuing destination airport conditions may deviate instrument procedure proceed by visual reference surface authorized requested pilot reported ground statute",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/contaminant/",
      "title": "Contaminant",
      "text": "deposit frost snow slush ice water aerodrome pavement effects could detrimental friction characteristics surface",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/contaminated-runway/",
      "title": "Contaminated Runway",
      "text": "purposes condition reporting airplane performance runway considered contaminated 25 percent surface area within reported length width being used covered by frost ice depth snow slush water note while ash sand oil rubber see slippery wet definition are reportable contaminants associated data available would ac 1505200 28f whenever standing form heavy substances present respect deposits friction degrading average value 500 foot segment ald fails recommended minimum level adjacent segments falls maintenance planning pcg",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/conterminous-us/",
      "title": "Conterminous U.S.",
      "text": "48 adjoining states district columbia",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/continental-united-states/",
      "title": "Continental United States",
      "text": "49 states located continent north america district columbia",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/contingency-hazard-area-cha/",
      "title": "Contingency Hazard Area (CHA)",
      "text": "used by atc areas airspace that are defined distributed advance launch reentry operation activated response failure",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/continue/",
      "title": "CONTINUE",
      "text": "used control instruction followed by another word words clarifying what expected pilot example continue taxi descent inbound etc",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/continuous-flow-oxygen-system/",
      "title": "Continuous flow oxygen system",
      "text": "system that supplies constant supply pure oxygen rebreather bag dilutes exhaled gases thus healthy mix ambient air mask primarily used passenger cabins commercial airliners",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/control-and-performance/",
      "title": "Control and performance",
      "text": "method attitude instrument flying which one used making changes instruments are monitor progress change",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/control-area-[icao]/",
      "title": "Control Area [ICAO]",
      "text": "controlled airspace extending upwards specified limit earth",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/control-display-unit/",
      "title": "Control Display Unit",
      "text": "display interfaced master computer providing pilot single control point navigations systems thereby reducing number required flight deck panels",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/control-pressures/",
      "title": "Control pressures",
      "text": "amount physical exertion control column necessary achieve desired attitude",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/control-sector/",
      "title": "Control Sector",
      "text": "airspace area defined horizontal vertical dimensions which controller group controllers air traffic control responsibility normally within route center approach facility sectors are established based predominant flows altitude strata workload pilot communications operations sector maintained discrete frequencies assigned",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/control-slash/",
      "title": "Control Slash",
      "text": "radar beacon slash representing actual position associated aircraft normally control one closest interrogating site artcc operating narrowband digitized mode converted target symbol",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/controllability/",
      "title": "Controllability",
      "text": "measure response aircraft relative pilots flight control inputs",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/controllable-pitch-propeller-cpp/",
      "title": "Controllable-pitch propeller (CPP)",
      "text": "type propeller blades that rotated around their long axis change pitch set negative values reversible also create reverse thrust braking reversing need changing direction shaft revolutions",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/controlled-airspace/",
      "title": "Controlled Airspace",
      "text": "airspace defined dimensions within which air traffic control service provided ifr flights vfr accordance classification controlled generic term that covers class b c d e also aircraft operators are subject certain pilot qualifications operating rules equipment requirements 14 cfr part 91 specific please refer operations must file flight plan receive appropriate atc clearance area designated airport contains least one primary around designations descriptions classes 71 united states follows generally 18000 feet msl including fl 600 overlying waters 12 nautical miles coast 48 contiguous alaska unless otherwise authorized persons operate their surface 10000 surrounding nations busiest airports terms passenger enplanements configuration individually tailored consists two layers areas resemble upside wedding cakes designed contain published instrument procedures enters required cleared separation services cloud requirement clear clouds 4000 elevation charted have operational tower serviced by radar approach number although usually mile nm radius circle 10nm extends lower 1200 outer person establish way radio communications facility providing prior entering thereafter maintain while separated see 2500 normally arrival extensions may upward either altitude adjacent configured federal airways beginning 700 agl used transition tofrom terminal en route environment domestic offshore begins 14500",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/controlled-airspace-[icao]/",
      "title": "Controlled Airspace [ICAO]",
      "text": "airspace defined dimensions within which air traffic control service provided ifr flights vfr accordance classification note controlled generic term covers ats classes b c d e",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/controlled-firing-area/",
      "title": "Controlled Firing Area.",
      "text": "controlled firing area established contain activities which conducted environment would hazardous nonparticipating aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/controlled-time-of-arrival-cta/",
      "title": "Controlled Time of Arrival (CTA)",
      "text": "arrival time assigned traffic management program may modified due adjustments user options",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/controller/",
      "title": "Controller",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/controller-[icao]/",
      "title": "Controller [ICAO]",
      "text": "person authorized provide air traffic control services",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/controller-pilot-data-link-communications-cpdlc/",
      "title": "Controller Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC)",
      "text": "two way digital communications system that conveys textual air traffic control messages controllers pilots using ground satellite based radio relay stations",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/convective-sigmet/",
      "title": "Convective SIGMET",
      "text": "weather advisory concerning convective significant safety aircraft including thunderstorms hail tornadoes",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/convective-sigmet-wst/",
      "title": "Convective SIGMET (WST)",
      "text": "weather advisory concerning convective significant safety aircraft sigmets are issued tornadoes lines thunderstorms embedded intensity level areas greater equal vip area coverage 410 40 hail 34 inch",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/convective-weather/",
      "title": "Convective weather",
      "text": "unstable rising air found cumiliform clouds",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/conventional-landing-gear/",
      "title": "Conventional landing gear",
      "text": "landing gear employing third rear mounted wheel these airplanes are also sometimes referred tailwheel",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/cooperative-surveillance/",
      "title": "Cooperative Surveillance",
      "text": "surveillance system secondary radar ssr wide area multilateration wam ads b that dependent upon presence certain equipment onboard aircraft vehicle detected",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/coordinated-flight/",
      "title": "Coordinated flight",
      "text": "flight minimum disturbance forces maintaining equilibrium established via effective control use",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/coordinates/",
      "title": "Coordinates",
      "text": "intersection lines reference usually expressed degreesminutesseconds latitude longitude used determine position location",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/coordination-fix/",
      "title": "Coordination Fix",
      "text": "fix relation which facilities handoff transfer control aircraft coordinate flight progress data terminal may also serve clearance arriving",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/copter/",
      "title": "COPTER",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/coriolis-illusion/",
      "title": "Coriolis illusion",
      "text": "illusion rotation movement entirely different axis caused by abrupt head while prolonged constant rate turn that ceased stimulate brains motion sensing system",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/correction/",
      "title": "CORRECTION",
      "text": "error been made transmission correct version follows",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/coupled-ailerons-and-rudder/",
      "title": "Coupled ailerons and rudder",
      "text": "rudder ailerons are connected interconnected springs order counteract adverse yaw overridden becomes necessary slip aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/coupled-approach/",
      "title": "Coupled Approach",
      "text": "instrument approach performed by aircraft autopilot andor visually depicted flight director which receiving position information steering commands onboard navigational equipment general coupled non precision approaches must flown manually disengaged altitudes lower 50 feet agl minimum descent altitude unless authorized conduct autoland operations are commonly allowable ifr weather minima established operator pic vfr training safety",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/course/",
      "title": "Course",
      "text": "intended direction flight horizontal plane measured degrees north ils localizer signal pattern usually specified front course back",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/cowl-flaps/",
      "title": "Cowl flaps",
      "text": "shutter like devices arranged around certain air cooled engine cowlings which may opened closed regulate flow",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/crew-resource-management-crm/",
      "title": "Crew resource management (CRM)",
      "text": "application team management concepts flight deck environment initially known cockpit resource crm programs evolved include cabin crews maintenance personnel others phrase crew adopted includes single pilots general aviation aircraft small well larger must make effective use available resources human hardware information current definition groups routinely working who are involved decisions required operate safely these limited dispatchers crewmembers air traffic controllers one way addressing challenge optimizing humanmachine interface accompanying interpersonal activities",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/crewmember/",
      "title": "Crewmember",
      "text": "person assigned perform duty aircraft flight time",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/crewmember-unmanned-aircraft-system-uas/",
      "title": "Crewmember - Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS)",
      "text": "person assigned perform operational duty uas crewmember includes remote pilot command manipulating controls visual observers may also include persons appropriate required ensure safe operation eg sensor operator ground control station",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/critical-altitude/",
      "title": "Critical altitude",
      "text": "maximum altitude which standard atmosphere possible maintain specified rotational speed power manifold pressure unless otherwise stated critical continuous one following case engines rating sea level rated governed by constant far definition atmospheric conditions turbocharged engine produce its horsepower phak",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/critical-angle-of-attack/",
      "title": "Critical angle of attack",
      "text": "angle attack which wing stalls regardless airspeed flight attitude weight",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/critical-areas/",
      "title": "Critical areas",
      "text": "areas disturbances ils localizer glideslope courses may occur surface vehicles aircraft operate near antennas",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/critical-engine/",
      "title": "Critical engine",
      "text": "engine whose failure would adversely affect performance handling qualities aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/cross-fix-at-altitude/",
      "title": "CROSS (fix) AT (Altitude)",
      "text": "used by atc specific altitude restriction specified fix required",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/cross-fix-at-or-above-altitude/",
      "title": "CROSS (fix) AT OR ABOVE (altitude)",
      "text": "used by atc altitude restriction specified fix required does prohibit aircraft crossing higher however may one that violate succeeding assignment",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/cross-fix-at-or-below-altitude/",
      "title": "CROSS (fix) At OR BELOW (altitude)",
      "text": "used by atc maximum crossing altitude specific fix required does prohibit aircraft lower however must minimum ifr",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/cross-check/",
      "title": "Cross-check",
      "text": "first fundamental skill instrument flight also known scan continuous logical observation instruments attitude performance information",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/crosswind/",
      "title": "Crosswind",
      "text": "used concerning traffic pattern word means crosswind leg see wind conditions parallel runway path aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/crosswind-component/",
      "title": "Crosswind Component",
      "text": "wind component measured knots 90 degrees longitudinal axis runway",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/cruise/",
      "title": "Cruise",
      "text": "used atc clearance authorize pilot conduct flight altitude minimum ifr including specified may level intermediate within block airspace climbdescent made discretion however starts descent verbally reports leaving heshe return that additional approval proceed make approach destination airport conjunction limit locations standardspecial instrument procedure cfrs require letdown necessary shall accordance are withinbelowoutside controlled authorization descend conditions applicable nor does imply exercising control aircraft class g provides means land governing vfr operations also search rescue protection until time plan closed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/cruise-clearance/",
      "title": "Cruise clearance",
      "text": "atc clearance issued allow pilot conduct flight altitude minimum ifr including specified also authorizes proceed make approach destination airport",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/cruise-climb/",
      "title": "Cruise Climb",
      "text": "climb technique employed by aircraft usually constant power setting resulting increase altitude weight decreases",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/cruising-altitude/",
      "title": "Cruising Altitude",
      "text": "altitude flight level maintained en route constant confused cruise clearance",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/cruising-level/",
      "title": "Cruising Level",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/cruising-level-[icao]/",
      "title": "Cruising Level [ICAO]",
      "text": "level maintained significant portion flight",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ct-message/",
      "title": "CT Message",
      "text": "edct time generated by atcscc regulate traffic arrival airports normally ct message automatically transferred management system computer nas en route appears event communication failure manually entered tmc facility",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/current-flight-plan-cpl-[icao]/",
      "title": "Current Flight Plan (CPL) [ICAO]",
      "text": "flight plan including changes brought by subsequent clearances",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/current-induction/",
      "title": "Current induction",
      "text": "electrical current being induced generated conductor that crossed by lines flux magnet",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/cvfp-approach/",
      "title": "CVFP Approach",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/cwa/",
      "title": "CWA",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/danger-area-[icao]/",
      "title": "Danger Area [ICAO]",
      "text": "airspace defined dimensions within which activities dangerous flight aircraft may exist specified times note term danger area used reference areas united states its possessions territories",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/dark-adaptation/",
      "title": "Dark adaptation",
      "text": "physical chemical adjustments eye that make vision possible relative darkness",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/data-block/",
      "title": "Data Block",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/data-link-automatic-terminal-information-service-d-atis-[icao]/",
      "title": "Data Link Automatic Terminal Information Service (D-ATIS) [ICAO]",
      "text": "provision atis via data link",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/datum-reference-datum/",
      "title": "Datum (Reference Datum)",
      "text": "imaginary vertical plane line which measurements arm are taken datum established by manufacturer been selected moment arms location cg range measured point",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/dc/",
      "title": "DC",
      "text": "direct current",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/dead-reckoning/",
      "title": "Dead reckoning",
      "text": "navigation airplane solely by means computations based airspeed course heading wind direction speed groundspeed elapsed time",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/deceleration-error/",
      "title": "Deceleration error",
      "text": "magnetic compass error that occurs aircraft decelerates while flying easterly westerly heading causing card rotate toward south",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/decision-altitude-da/",
      "title": "Decision Altitude (DA)",
      "text": "specified altitude mean sea level msl instrument approach procedure ils gls vertically guided rnav which pilot must decide whether continue initiate immediate missed does see required visual references",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/decision-altitude-da-decision-height-dh-[icao]/",
      "title": "Decision Altitude (DA)/Decision Height (DH) [ICAO]",
      "text": "specified altitude height ah precision approach which missed must initiated required visual reference continue been established decision da referenced mean sea level dh threshold elevation category ii iii minima are expressed assessed by radio altimeter barometric makes means that section aids area have view sufficient time pilot made assessment aircraft position rate change relation desired flight path",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/decision-height-dh/",
      "title": "Decision Height (DH)",
      "text": "respect operation aircraft means height which decision must made ils par instrument approach either continue execute missed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/decoder/",
      "title": "Decoder",
      "text": "device used decipher signals received atcrbs transponders effect their display select codes",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/defense-area/",
      "title": "Defense Area",
      "text": "airspace contiguous united states that adiz which control aircraft required reasons national security",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/defense-visual-flight-rules-dvfr/",
      "title": "Defense Visual Flight Rules (DVFR)",
      "text": "rules applicable flights within adiz conducted visual flight 14 cfr part 91",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/deice/",
      "title": "Deice",
      "text": "act removing ice accumulation aircraft structure",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/delay-assignment-das/",
      "title": "Delay Assignment (DAS)",
      "text": "delays are distributed aircraft based traffic management program parameters delay assignment calculated 15 minute increments appears table flow system tfms indefinite reason known",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/delay-indefinite-reason-if-known-expect-further-clearance-time/",
      "title": "DELAY INDEFINITE (reason if known) EXPECT FURTHER CLEARANCE (time)",
      "text": "used by atc inform pilot accurate estimate delay time reason cannot immediately determined eg disabled aircraft runway terminal center area saturation weather landing minimums etc",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/delay-time-dt/",
      "title": "Delay Time (DT)",
      "text": "amount time that arrival must lose cross meter fix assigned difference aclt vta",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/delta/",
      "title": "Delta",
      "text": "greek letter expressed by symbol indicate change values example cg indicates movement",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/density-altitude/",
      "title": "Density altitude",
      "text": "pressure altitude corrected nonstandard temperature density used computing performance aircraft its engines",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/departure-center/",
      "title": "Departure Center",
      "text": "artcc having jurisdiction airspace that generates flight impacted airport",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/departure-control/",
      "title": "Departure Control",
      "text": "function approach control facility providing air traffic service departing ifr certain conditions vfr aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/departure-procedure-dp/",
      "title": "Departure procedure (DP)",
      "text": "preplanned ifr atc departure published pilot use textual graphic format",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/departure-sequencing-program-dsp/",
      "title": "Departure Sequencing Program (DSP)",
      "text": "program designed assist achieving specified interval common point departures",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/departure-time/",
      "title": "Departure Time",
      "text": "time aircraft becomes airborne",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/deposition/",
      "title": "Deposition",
      "text": "direct transformation gas solid state which liquid bypassed sources use sublimation describe process instead deposition",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/descend-via/",
      "title": "DESCEND VIA",
      "text": "abbreviated atc clearance that requires compliance published procedure lateral path associated speed restrictions provides pilot discretion descent comply altitude",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/descent-speed-adjustments/",
      "title": "Descent Speed Adjustments",
      "text": "speed deceleration calculations made determine accurate vta these start transition point use arrival segments vertex",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/designated-common-traffic-advisory-frequency-ctaf-area/",
      "title": "Designated Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF) Area",
      "text": "alaska addition being designated purpose carrying airport advisory practices while operating traffic control tower ctaf may also operations areas high volume vfr",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/desired-course/",
      "title": "Desired Course",
      "text": "true predetermined desired course direction followed measured degrees north magnetic local",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/desired-track/",
      "title": "Desired Track",
      "text": "planned intended track two waypoints measured degrees either magnetic true north instantaneous angle may change point along great circle",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/detonation/",
      "title": "Detonation",
      "text": "sudden release heat energy fuel aircraft engine caused by air mixture reaching its critical pressure temperature detonation occurs violent explosion rather smooth burning process",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/detresfa-distress-phase-[icao]/",
      "title": "DETRESFA (DISTRESS PHASE) [ICAO]",
      "text": "code word used designate emergency phase wherein reasonable certainty that aircraft its occupants are threatened by grave imminent danger require immediate assistance",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/deviation/",
      "title": "Deviation",
      "text": "magnetic compass error caused by local fields within aircraft deviation different heading",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/deviations/",
      "title": "Deviations",
      "text": "departure current clearance course maneuver avoid weather turbulence specifically authorized cfrs requested by pilot atc may permit pilots deviate certain regulations",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/dew-moisture-that-has-condensed-from-water-vapor/",
      "title": "Dew. Moisture that has condensed from water vapor",
      "text": "usually found cooler objects near ground grass surface layer air cools faster layers",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/dewpoint/",
      "title": "Dewpoint",
      "text": "temperature which air reaches state hold water",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/dh/",
      "title": "DH",
      "text": "decision height",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/differential-ailerons/",
      "title": "Differential ailerons",
      "text": "control surface rigged that aileron moving moves greater distance produces extra parasite drag compensate additional induced caused by balancing forces helps minimize adverse yaw",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/differential-global-positioning-system-dgps/",
      "title": "Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS)",
      "text": "system that improves accuracy global navigation satellite systems gnss by measuring changes variables provide positioning corrections",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/differential-pressure/",
      "title": "Differential pressure",
      "text": "difference two pressures measurement airspeed example use differential pressure",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/digital-target/",
      "title": "Digital Target",
      "text": "computer generated symbol representing aircrafts position based primary return radar beacon reply shown digital display",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/digital-terminal-automation-system-dtas/",
      "title": "Digital Terminal Automation System (DTAS)",
      "text": "system digital radar beacon data presented displays operational program monitors performance real time basis",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/digital-automatic-terminal-information-service-d-atis/",
      "title": "Digital-Automatic Terminal Information Service (D-ATIS)",
      "text": "service provides text messages aircraft airlines users outside standard reception range conventional atis via landline data link communications cockpit also computer synthesized voice message that transmitted within existing transmitters terminal system tdls d application uses weather inputs local automated sources manually entered meteorological together preprogrammed menus provide information airports capability are listed chart supplement us",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/digitized-target/",
      "title": "Digitized Target",
      "text": "computer generated indication shown analog radar display resulting primary return beacon reply",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/dihedral/",
      "title": "Dihedral",
      "text": "positive acute angle lateral axis airplane line center wing horizontal stabilizer dihedral contributes stability",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/diluter-demand-oxygen-system/",
      "title": "Diluter-demand oxygen system",
      "text": "oxygen system that delivers mixed diluted air order maintain constant partial pressure altitude changes",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/direct/",
      "title": "Direct",
      "text": "straight line flight two navigational aids fixes points combination thereof used by pilots describing airway routes defining direct route segments become compulsory reporting unless aircraft radar contact",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/direct-air-carrier/",
      "title": "Direct air carrier",
      "text": "person who provides offers provide air transportation control operational functions performed providing that",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/direct-indication/",
      "title": "Direct indication",
      "text": "true instantaneous reflection aircraft pitch bank attitude by miniature relative horizon bar indicator",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/direct-user-access-terminal-system-duats/",
      "title": "Direct User Access Terminal System (DUATS)",
      "text": "system shut may 16 2018 that provided current faa weather flight plan filing services certified civil pilots via personal computer modem telephone access request specific types briefings pertinent data planned flights",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/directional-stability/",
      "title": "Directional stability",
      "text": "stability vertical axis aircraft whereby tends return its flight aligned relative wind disturbed that equilibrium state tail primary contributor directional causing airplane align",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/directly-behind/",
      "title": "Directly Behind",
      "text": "aircraft considered operating directly behind following actual flight path lead surface earth except applying wake turbulence separation criteria",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/discrete-beacon-code/",
      "title": "Discrete Beacon Code",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/discrete-code/",
      "title": "Discrete Code",
      "text": "used air traffic control radar beacon system atcrbs one 4096 selectable mode 3a aircraft transponder codes except ending zero eg discrete 0010 1201 2317 7777 nondiscrete 0100 1200 7700 are normally reserved facilities that equipped decoding capability purposes emergencies vfr etc",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/discrete-frequency/",
      "title": "Discrete Frequency",
      "text": "separate radio frequency use direct pilot controller communications air traffic control which reduces congestion by controlling number aircraft operating particular one time discrete frequencies are normally designated sector en routeterminal atc facilities listed chart supplement us dod flip ifr route",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/displaced-threshold/",
      "title": "Displaced Threshold",
      "text": "threshold that located point runway designated beginning",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/distance-measuring-equipment-dme/",
      "title": "Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)",
      "text": "equipment airborne ground used measure nautical miles slant range distance aircraft dme navigational aid pcg definition pulse type electronic navigation system that shows pilot by instrument panel indication number station waypointphak",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/distress/",
      "title": "Distress",
      "text": "condition being threatened by serious andor imminent danger requiring immediate assistance",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/dive-brakes/",
      "title": "Dive Brakes",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/diverse-vector-area-dva/",
      "title": "Diverse Vector Area (DVA)",
      "text": "radar environment that area which prescribed departure route required suitable avoid obstacles random vectors mvamia established accordance terps criteria diverse departures terrain avoidance may issued departing aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/diversion/",
      "title": "Diversion",
      "text": "flights that are required land their original destination reasons beyond control pilotcompany eg periods significant weather",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/dme/",
      "title": "DME",
      "text": "distance measuring equipment compatible tacan",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/dme-arc/",
      "title": "DME arc",
      "text": "flight track that constant distance station waypoint",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/dme-fix/",
      "title": "DME Fix",
      "text": "geographical position determined by reference navigational aid which provides distance azimuth information defined specific nautical miles radial course ie localizer degrees magnetic that",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/dme-separation/",
      "title": "DME Separation",
      "text": "spacing aircraft terms distances nautical miles determined by reference distance measuring equipment dme",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/dod/",
      "title": "DOD",
      "text": "department defense",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/dod-commercial-air-carrier-evaluator/",
      "title": "DOD commercial air carrier evaluator",
      "text": "qualified air mobility command survey analysis office cockpit evaluator performing duties specified public law 99661 flying carrier that contracted pursuing contract us department defense dod",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/dod-flip/",
      "title": "DOD FLIP",
      "text": "department defense flight information publications used planning en route terminal operations flip produced by national geospatial intelligence agency nga world wide use united states government charts instrument approach procedure are incorporated dod airspace system nas",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/doghouse/",
      "title": "Doghouse",
      "text": "turn slip indicator dial mark shape doghouse",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/domestic-airspace/",
      "title": "Domestic Airspace",
      "text": "airspace which overlies continental land mass united states plus hawaii us possessions domestic extends 12 miles offshore",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/domestic-operation/",
      "title": "Domestic operation",
      "text": "scheduled operation conducted by person operating airplane described paragraph definition locations airplanes turbojet powered ii having passenger seat configuration seats excluding crewmember iii payload capacity 7500 pounds points within 48 contiguous states united district columbia operations solely entirely state territory possession iv specifically authorized administrator point located outside",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/domestic-reduced-vertical-separation-minimum-drvsm/",
      "title": "Domestic Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (DRVSM)",
      "text": "additional flight levels fl 290 410 provide operational traffic airspace efficiency",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/double-gimbal/",
      "title": "Double gimbal",
      "text": "type mount used gyro attitude instrument axes two gimbals are right angles spin axis allowing free motion planes around",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/downburst/",
      "title": "Downburst",
      "text": "strong downdraft which induces outburst damaging winds near ground either straight curved are highly divergent sizes downbursts vary 12 mile less 10 miles intense downburst often causes widespread damage lasting 30 minutes could reach speeds high 120 knots",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/downwind-leg/",
      "title": "Downwind Leg",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/drag/",
      "title": "Drag",
      "text": "net aerodynamic force parallel relative wind usually sum two components induced drag parasite",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/drag-chute/",
      "title": "Drag Chute",
      "text": "parachute device installed certain aircraft which deployed landing roll assist deceleration",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/drag-curve/",
      "title": "Drag curve",
      "text": "curve created plotting induced drag parasite",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/drift-angle/",
      "title": "Drift angle",
      "text": "angle heading track",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/drop-zone/",
      "title": "Drop Zone",
      "text": "pre determined area upon which parachutists objects land making intentional parachute jump drop",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/dry-runway/",
      "title": "Dry runway",
      "text": "runway dry neither wet nor contaminated purposes condition reporting airplane performance considered 25 percent surface area within reported length width being used covered by visible moisture dampness frost slush snow type ice",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/due-regard/",
      "title": "Due Regard",
      "text": "phase flight wherein aircraft commander state operated assumes responsibility separate hisher",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/duplex/",
      "title": "Duplex",
      "text": "transmitting one frequency receiving separate",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/dutch-roll/",
      "title": "Dutch roll",
      "text": "combination rolling yawing oscillations that normally occurs dihedral effects aircraft are powerful directional stability usually dynamically stable objectionable airplane because oscillatory nature",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/duty-runway/",
      "title": "Duty Runway",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/dvfr/",
      "title": "DVFR",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/dvfr-flight-plan/",
      "title": "DVFR Flight Plan",
      "text": "flight plan filed vfr aircraft which intends operate airspace within ready identification location control are required interest national security",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/dynamic/",
      "title": "Dynamic",
      "text": "continuous review evaluation change meet demands",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/dynamic-hydroplaning/",
      "title": "Dynamic hydroplaning",
      "text": "condition that exists landing surface standing water deeper tread depth tires brakes are applied possibility brake lock tire ride much like ski hydroplaning directional control braking action virtually impossible effective anti skid system minimize effects",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/dynamic-restrictions/",
      "title": "Dynamic Restrictions",
      "text": "restrictions imposed by local facility needed basis manage unpredictable fluctuations traffic demands",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/dynamic-stability/",
      "title": "Dynamic stability",
      "text": "property aircraft that causes disturbed straight level flight develop forces moments restore original condition",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/early-etops/",
      "title": "Early ETOPS",
      "text": "etops type design approval obtained gaining non service experience candidate airplane engine combination certified",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/eddy-current-damping/",
      "title": "Eddy current damping",
      "text": "decreased amplitude oscillations by interaction magnetic fields case vertical card compass flux oscillating permanent magnet produces eddy currents damping disk cup produced opposes decreases",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/eddy-currents/",
      "title": "Eddy currents",
      "text": "current induced metal cup disc crossed by lines flux moving magnet",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/electronic-flight-display-efd/",
      "title": "Electronic Flight Display (EFD)",
      "text": "purpose standardization flight instrument display that uses lcd image producing system cathode ray tube crt etc",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/elevator/",
      "title": "Elevator",
      "text": "horizontal movable primary control surface tail section empennage airplane elevator hinged trailing edge fixed stabilizer",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/elevator-illusion/",
      "title": "Elevator illusion",
      "text": "sensation being climb descent caused by kind abrupt vertical accelerations that result downdrafts",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/em-wave/",
      "title": "EM wave",
      "text": "electromagnetic wave",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/emergency/",
      "title": "Emergency",
      "text": "distress urgency condition",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/emergency-autoland-system/",
      "title": "Emergency Autoland System",
      "text": "system activated determine optimal airport plot course broadcast aircrafts intentions fly land depending model shut engines though controller assume that transmissions aircraft acknowledged",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/emergency-descent-mode-automated-emergency-descent/",
      "title": "Emergency Descent Mode (Automated Emergency Descent)",
      "text": "automated system senses conditions conducive hypoxia cabin depressurization aircraft equipped activated designed turn 90 degrees descend lower altitude level giving pilots time recover",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/emergency-locator-transmitter-elt/",
      "title": "Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)",
      "text": "radio transmitter attached aircraft structure which operates its power source 1215 mhz 2430 aids locating downed by radiating downward sweeping audio tone times per second designed function human action accident",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/empennage/",
      "title": "Empennage",
      "text": "section airplane that consists vertical stabilizer horizontal associated control surfaces",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/emphasis-error/",
      "title": "Emphasis error",
      "text": "result giving much attention particular instrument cross check instead relying combination instruments necessary attitude performance information",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/empty-weight/",
      "title": "Empty weight",
      "text": "weight airframe engines propellers rotors fixed equipment empty excludes crew payload includes ballast unusable fuel supply undrainable oil total quantity engine coolant hydraulic fluid",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/empty-field-myopia/",
      "title": "Empty-field myopia",
      "text": "induced nearsightedness that associated flying night instrument meteorological conditions andor reduced visibility nothing focus eyes automatically point slightly ahead airplane",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/en-route-air-traffic-control-services/",
      "title": "En Route Air Traffic Control ServiceS",
      "text": "air traffic control service provided aircraft ifr flight plans generally by centers these are operating departure destination terminal areas equipment capabilities controller workload permit certain advisoryassistance services may vfr",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/en-route-automation-system-eas/",
      "title": "En Route Automation System (EAS)",
      "text": "complex integrated environment consisting situation display systems surveillance flight data processing remote devices decision support tools related communications equipment that form heart automated ifr air traffic control system interfaces terminal used en route aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/en-route-charts/",
      "title": "En Route Charts",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/en-route-decision-support-tool-edst/",
      "title": "En Route Decision Support Tool (EDST)",
      "text": "automated tool provided radar associate position selected en route facilities utilizes flight data determine present future trajectories active proposal aircraft provides enhanced management",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/en-route-descent/",
      "title": "En Route Descent",
      "text": "descent en route cruising altitude which takes place along flight",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/en-route-facilities-ring/",
      "title": "En Route Facilities Ring",
      "text": "depicted plan view iap charts circle which designates navaids fixes intersections that are part en route low altitude airway structure",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/en-route-high-altitude-charts/",
      "title": "En Route High-Altitude Charts",
      "text": "aeronautical charts en route instrument navigation 18000 feet msl",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/en-route-low-altitude-charts/",
      "title": "En Route Low-Altitude Charts",
      "text": "aeronautical charts en route ifr navigation 18000 feet msl",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/en-route-minimum-safe-altitude-warning-e-msaw/",
      "title": "En Route Minimum Safe Altitude Warning (E-MSAW)",
      "text": "function eas that aids controller by providing alert tracked aircraft predicted computer go predetermined minimum ifr altitude mia",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/en-route-spacing-program-esp/",
      "title": "En Route Spacing Program (ESP)",
      "text": "program designed assist exit sector achieving required trail spacing",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/en-route-transition/",
      "title": "En Route Transition",
      "text": "conventional starssids portion sidstar that connects one en route airwayjet rnav star preceding common point sid following coded specific fix airway jet",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/encoding-altimeter/",
      "title": "Encoding altimeter",
      "text": "special type pressure altimeter used send signal air traffic controller ground showing altitude aircraft flying",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/engine-pressure-ratio-epr/",
      "title": "Engine pressure ratio (EPR)",
      "text": "ratio turbine discharge pressure divided by compressor inlet which used indication amount thrust being developed engine",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/enhanced-flight-visibility-efv/",
      "title": "Enhanced flight visibility (EFV)",
      "text": "average forward horizontal distance cockpit aircraft flight which prominent topographical objects may clearly distinguished identified by day night pilot using enhanced vision system",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/enhanced-flight-vision-system-efvs/",
      "title": "Enhanced Flight Vision System (EFVS)",
      "text": "efvs installed aircraft system which uses electronic means provide display forward external scene topography natural man made features place region especially way show their relative positions elevation use imaging sensors including limited looking infrared millimeter wave radiometry radar low light level image intensification includes element computers power supplies indications controls operators authorization conduct operation may have provisions allow pilots iaps reported weather minimums prescribed iap flown",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/equi-time-point/",
      "title": "Equi-Time Point",
      "text": "point route flight time considering wind two selected airports equal",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/equilibrium/",
      "title": "Equilibrium",
      "text": "condition that exists within body sum moments forces acting equal zero aerodynamics equilibrium opposing aircraft are balanced steady unaccelerated flight conditions",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/equivalent-airspeed/",
      "title": "Equivalent airspeed",
      "text": "calibrated airspeed aircraft corrected adiabatic compressible flow particular altitude equivalent equal standard atmosphere sea level far definition cas pressure increase becomes higher correction compression must subtracted phak",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/established/",
      "title": "Established",
      "text": "stable fixed altitude course route segment heading instrument approach departure procedure etc",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/established-on-rnp-eor-concept/",
      "title": "Established On RNP (EoR) Concept",
      "text": "system authorized instrument approaches atc procedures surveillance communication requirements that allow aircraft operations safely conducted approved reduced separation criteria are established pbn segment published flight procedure",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/estimated-est/",
      "title": "Estimated (EST)",
      "text": "used notams est contraction that by issuing authority condition expected return service prior expiration time using lets user know notam possibility returning earlier which includes auto expired designated",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/estimated-elapsed-time-[icao]/",
      "title": "Estimated Elapsed Time [ICAO]",
      "text": "estimated time required proceed one significant point another",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/estimated-off-block-time-[icao]/",
      "title": "Estimated Off-block Time [ICAO]",
      "text": "estimated time which aircraft commence movement associated departure",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/estimated-position-error-epe/",
      "title": "Estimated Position Error (EPE)",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/estimated-time-en-route-ete/",
      "title": "Estimated Time En Route (ETE)",
      "text": "estimated flying time departure point destination lift touchdown",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/estimated-time-of-arrival-eta/",
      "title": "Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA)",
      "text": "time flight estimated arrive gate scheduled operators actual runway times nonscheduled",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/etops/",
      "title": "ETOPS",
      "text": "extended operations",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/evaporation/",
      "title": "Evaporation",
      "text": "transformation liquid gaseous state change water vapor",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ewis/",
      "title": "EWIS",
      "text": "defined by 251701 chapter means electrical wiring interconnection system",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/execute-missed-approach/",
      "title": "EXECUTE MISSED APPROACH",
      "text": "instructions issued pilot making instrument approach which means continue inbound missed point execute procedure described chart previously assigned by atc may climb immediately altitude specified upon turns initiated prior reaching conducting asr par receiving",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/exhaust-gas-temperature-egt/",
      "title": "Exhaust gas temperature (EGT)",
      "text": "temperature exhaust gases they leave cylinders reciprocating engine turbine section",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/expect-altitude-at-time-or-fix/",
      "title": "EXPECT (altitude) AT (time) or (fix)",
      "text": "used certain conditions provide pilot altitude event two way communications failure also provides information assist planning",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/expect-departure-clearance-time-edct/",
      "title": "Expect Departure Clearance Time (EDCT)",
      "text": "runway release time assigned aircraft traffic management program shown flight progress strip edct",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/expect-further-clearance-efc-time/",
      "title": "Expect Further Clearance (EFC) Time",
      "text": "time pilot expect receive clearance beyond limit",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/expect-further-clearance-via-airways-routes-or-fixes/",
      "title": "Expect Further Clearance Via (airways, routes or fixes)",
      "text": "used inform pilot routing heshe expect part route beyond short range clearance limit differs that filed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/expect-further-clearance-efc/",
      "title": "Expect-further-clearance (EFC)",
      "text": "time pilot expect receive clearance beyond limit",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/expedite/",
      "title": "EXPEDITE",
      "text": "used by atc prompt compliance required avoid development imminent situation expedite climbdescent normally indicates pilot that approximate best rate requiring exceptional change aircraft handling characteristics",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/explosive-decompression/",
      "title": "Explosive decompression",
      "text": "change cabin pressure faster lungs decompress lung damage possible",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/extended-operations-etops/",
      "title": "Extended Operations (ETOPS)",
      "text": "means airplane flight operation cargo two engines which portion conducted beyond time threshold identified part 121 135 chapter that determined using approved one engine inoperative cruise speed standard atmospheric conditions still air",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/extended-operations-etops-significant-system/",
      "title": "Extended Operations (ETOPS) Significant System",
      "text": "means airplane system including propulsion failure malfunctioning which could adversely affect safety etops flight continued safe landing diversion significant either group fail characteristics directly linked degree redundancy provided by number engines malfunction result ifsd loss thrust control power contributes significantly providing additional source lost inoperative engine essential prolonged operation altitudes that",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/extended-over-water-operation/",
      "title": "Extended over-water operation",
      "text": "means respect aircraft helicopters operation water horizontal distance 50 nautical miles nearest shoreline shore heliport structure",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/external-load/",
      "title": "External load",
      "text": "load that carried extends outside aircraft fuselage",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/external-load-attaching-means/",
      "title": "External-load attaching means",
      "text": "structural components used attach external load aircraft including containers backup structure attachment points quick release device jettison",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/faa/",
      "title": "FAA",
      "text": "federal aviation administration",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/faa-recognized-identification-area-fria/",
      "title": "FAA-Recognized Identification Area (FRIA)",
      "text": "defined geographic area persons operate uas remote identification provided they maintain visual line sight",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/fallen-hero/",
      "title": "Fallen Hero",
      "text": "remains fallen members united states military are often returned home by aircraft these flights may identified phrase hero added remarks section flight plan they transmitted via airground communications able receive priority handling",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/false-horizon/",
      "title": "False horizon",
      "text": "inaccurate visual information aligning aircraft caused by various natural geometric formations that disorient pilot actual horizon",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/fast-file/",
      "title": "Fast File",
      "text": "fss system whereby pilot files flight plan via telephone that recorded later transcribed transmission appropriate air traffic facility alaska",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/fawp/",
      "title": "FAWP",
      "text": "final approach waypoint",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/feathered-propeller/",
      "title": "Feathered Propeller",
      "text": "propeller whose blades have been rotated that leading trailing edges are nearly parallel aircraft flight path stop minimize drag engine rotation normally used indicate shutdown reciprocating turboprop due malfunction",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/federal-airways/",
      "title": "Federal airways",
      "text": "class e airspace areas that extend upward 1200 feet including 18000 msl unless otherwise specifiedfeeder facilities used by atc direct aircraft intervening fixes en route structure initial approach fix",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/feeder-fix/",
      "title": "Feeder Fix",
      "text": "fix depicted instrument approach procedure charts which establishes starting point feeder route",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/feeder-route/",
      "title": "Feeder Route",
      "text": "route depicted instrument approach procedure charts designate routes aircraft proceed en structure initial fix iaf",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ferry-flight/",
      "title": "Ferry Flight",
      "text": "flight purpose returning aircraft base delivering one location another moving maintenance ferry flights certain conditions may conducted terms special permit",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ffs/",
      "title": "FFS",
      "text": "full flight simulator",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/field-elevation/",
      "title": "Field Elevation",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/filed/",
      "title": "Filed",
      "text": "normally used conjunction flight plans meaning plan been submitted atc",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/filed-en-route-delay/",
      "title": "Filed En Route Delay",
      "text": "following preplanned delays pointsareas along route flight which require special plan filing handling techniques terminal area delay within touch go low approach activity use airspace military operations restricted warning atc assigned aerial refueling track anchor",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/filed-flight-plan/",
      "title": "Filed Flight Plan",
      "text": "flight plan filed ats unit by pilot hisher designated representative subsequent changes clearances",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/final/",
      "title": "Final",
      "text": "commonly used mean that aircraft final approach course aligned landing area",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/final-approach-[icao]/",
      "title": "Final Approach [ICAO]",
      "text": "that part instrument approach procedure which commences specified final fix point end last turn base inbound racetrack interception track ends vicinity aerodrome landing made missed initiated",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/final-approach-course/",
      "title": "Final Approach Course",
      "text": "bearingradialtrack instrument approach leading runway extended centerline regard distance",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/final-approach-fix-faf/",
      "title": "Final Approach Fix (FAF)",
      "text": "fix which final approach ifr airport executed identifies beginning segment designated government charts by maltese cross symbol nonprecision approaches lightning bolt designating pfaf precision atc directs lower published glideslopepath vertical path intercept altitude resultant actual point pcg definition faf phak",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/final-approach-point/",
      "title": "Final Approach Point",
      "text": "point applicable nonprecision approach depicted faf airport vor aircraft established inbound final course procedure turn descent may commenced fap serves identifies beginning segment",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/final-approach-segment/",
      "title": "Final Approach Segment",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/final-approach-segment-[icao]/",
      "title": "Final Approach Segment [ICAO]",
      "text": "that segment instrument approach procedure which alignment descent landing are accomplished",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/final-approach-ifr/",
      "title": "Final Approach-IFR",
      "text": "part instrument approach procedure which alignment descent landing are accomplished phak definition flight path aircraft inbound airport final course beginning fix point extending circle land maneuver missed executed pcg",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/final-controller/",
      "title": "Final Controller",
      "text": "controller providing information final approach guidance par asr approaches utilizing radar equipment",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/final-guard-service/",
      "title": "Final Guard Service",
      "text": "value added service provided conjunction laaraa periods significant fast changing weather conditions that may affect landing takeoff operations",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/final-monitor-aid-fma/",
      "title": "Final Monitor Aid (FMA)",
      "text": "high resolution color display that equipped controller alert system hardwaresoftware used monitor transgression zone ntz simultaneous parallel approach operations includes algorithms providing target predictors change penetrates predicted penetrate synthesized voice alerts digital mapping",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/final-monitor-controller/",
      "title": "Final Monitor Controller",
      "text": "air traffic control specialist assigned radar monitor flight path aircraft simultaneous parallel approach courses spaced less 9000 feet9200 feet 5000 close operations runway final controller ils approaches",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/final-takeoff-speed/",
      "title": "Final takeoff speed",
      "text": "speed airplane that exists end takeoff path en route configuration one engine inoperative",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/fire-resistant/",
      "title": "Fire resistant",
      "text": "respect sheet structural members means capacity withstand heat associated fire least well aluminum alloy dimensions appropriate purpose which they are used fluid carrying lines system parts wiring air ducts fittings powerplant controls perform intended functions conditions likely occur place concerned",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/fireproof/",
      "title": "Fireproof",
      "text": "respect materials parts used confine fire designated zone means capacity withstand least well steel dimensions appropriate purpose which they are heat produced severe extended duration that associated",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/first-person-view/",
      "title": "First Person View",
      "text": "uas operation which imagery transmitted pilot by onboard ua camera",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/first-tier-center/",
      "title": "First Tier Center",
      "text": "artcc immediately adjacent impacted center",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/fix/",
      "title": "Fix",
      "text": "geographical position determined by visual reference surface one radio navaids celestial plotting another navigational device",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/fix-balancing/",
      "title": "Fix Balancing",
      "text": "process whereby aircraft are evenly distributed several available arrival fixes reducing delays controller workload",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/fixating/",
      "title": "Fixating",
      "text": "staring single instrument thereby interrupting cross check process",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/fixed-slot/",
      "title": "Fixed slot",
      "text": "fixed nozzle shaped opening near leading edge wing that ducts air onto top surface its purpose increase lift higher angles attack",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/fixed-pitch-propellers/",
      "title": "Fixed-pitch propellers",
      "text": "propellers fixed blade angles pitch are designed climb cruise standard",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flag/",
      "title": "Flag",
      "text": "warning device incorporated certain airborne navigation flight instruments indicating that are inoperative otherwise operating satisfactorily signal strength quality received falls acceptable values",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flag-alarm/",
      "title": "Flag Alarm",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flag-operation/",
      "title": "Flag operation",
      "text": "scheduled operation conducted by person operating airplane described paragraph definition locations airplanes turbojet powered ii having passenger seat configuration seats excluding crewmember iii payload capacity 7500 pounds point within state alaska hawaii territory possession united states outside respectively 48 contiguous district columbia us another",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flame-resistant/",
      "title": "Flame resistant",
      "text": "susceptible combustion point propagating flame beyond safe limits ignition source removed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flameout/",
      "title": "Flameout",
      "text": "condition operation gas turbine engine which fire goes due either much little fuel sprayed combustors phak definition emergency caused by loss power pcg",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flameout-pattern/",
      "title": "Flameout Pattern",
      "text": "approach normally conducted by single engine military aircraft experiencing loss anticipating power control standard overhead starts relatively high altitude runway key followed continuous 180 degree turn wide position low final straight pattern point that results rate descent flameout approaches terminate type requested pilot fullstop",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flammable/",
      "title": "Flammable",
      "text": "respect fluid gas means susceptible igniting readily exploding",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flap-extended-speed/",
      "title": "Flap extended speed",
      "text": "highest speed permissible wing flaps prescribed extended position",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flaps/",
      "title": "Flaps",
      "text": "hinged portion trailing edge ailerons fuselage aircraft flaps are interconnected produce full span flaperons either case change lift drag wing",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flash-resistant/",
      "title": "Flash resistant",
      "text": "susceptible burning violently ignited",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flight-check/",
      "title": "Flight Check",
      "text": "call sign prefix used by faa aircraft engaged flight inspectioncertification navigational aids procedures word recorded may added suffix eg check 320 indicate that automated inspection progress terminal areas",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flight-configurations/",
      "title": "Flight configurations",
      "text": "adjusting aircraft control surfaces including flaps landing gear manner that achieve specified attitude",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flight-director-indicator-fdi/",
      "title": "Flight director indicator (FDI)",
      "text": "one major components flight director system provides steering commands that pilot autopilot coupled follows",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flight-following/",
      "title": "Flight Following",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flight-information-region-fir/",
      "title": "Flight Information Region (FIR)",
      "text": "airspace defined dimensions within which flight information service alerting are provided purpose giving advice useful safe efficient conduct flights notify appropriate organizations regarding aircraft need search rescue aid assist required",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flight-information-service/",
      "title": "Flight Information Service",
      "text": "service provided purpose giving advice information useful safe efficient conduct flights",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flight-information-service-broadcast-fis-b/",
      "title": "Flight Information Service Broadcast (FIS-B)",
      "text": "ground broadcast service provided ads b services network uat data link that operates 978 mhz fis system provides pilots flight crews properly equipped aircraft cockpit display certain aviation weather aeronautical information",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flight-inspection/",
      "title": "Flight Inspection",
      "text": "inflight investigation evaluation navigational aid determine whether meets established tolerances",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flight-level/",
      "title": "Flight Level",
      "text": "level constant atmospheric pressure related reference datum 2992 inches mercury stated three digits that represent hundreds feet example flight fl 250 represents barometric altimeter indication 25000 255 25500",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flight-level-[icao]/",
      "title": "Flight Level [ICAO]",
      "text": "surface constant atmospheric pressure which related specific datum 10132 hpa mb separated surfaces by intervals note type altimeter calibrated accordance standard atmosphere set qnh setting indicate altitude qfe height reference may used flight levels terms altimetric rather geometric heights altitudes",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flight-line/",
      "title": "Flight Line",
      "text": "term used describe precise movement civil photogrammetric aircraft along predetermined courses altitude actual photographic run",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flight-management-system-fms/",
      "title": "Flight Management System (FMS)",
      "text": "computer system that uses large data base allow routes preprogrammed fed by means loader constantly updated respect position accuracy reference conventional navigation aids sophisticated program its associated ensures appropriate are automatically selected information update cycle",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flight-path/",
      "title": "Flight Path",
      "text": "line course track along which aircraft flying intended flown",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flight-patterns/",
      "title": "Flight patterns",
      "text": "basic maneuvers flown by reference instruments rather outside visual cues purpose practicing attitude flying patterns simulate encountered instrument flights holding procedure turns approaches",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flight-plan/",
      "title": "Flight Plan",
      "text": "specified information relating intended flight aircraft that filed orally writing fss atc facility",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flight-plan-area-fpa/",
      "title": "Flight Plan Area (FPA)",
      "text": "geographical area assigned flight service station fss purpose establishing primary responsibility services that may include search rescue vfr aircraft issuance notams pilot briefings inflight broadcast emergency data processing international operations aviation weather large consolidated facilities combine fpas larger areas aor",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flight-recorder/",
      "title": "Flight Recorder",
      "text": "general term applied instrument device that records information performance aircraft flight conditions encountered recorders may make airspeed outside air temperature vertical acceleration engine rpm manifold pressure pertinent variables given",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flight-recorder-[icao]/",
      "title": "Flight Recorder [ICAO]",
      "text": "type recorder installed aircraft purpose complementing accidentincident investigation note see annex part specifications relating flight recorders",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flight-service-station-fss/",
      "title": "Flight Service Station (FSS)",
      "text": "air traffic facility which provides pilot briefings flight plan processing en route advisories search rescue services assistance lost aircraft emergency situations fss also relay atc clearances process notices airmen broadcast aviation weather aeronautical information advise customs immigration transborder flights alaska provide airport advisory",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flight-simulation-training-device-fstd/",
      "title": "Flight simulation training device (FSTD)",
      "text": "flight simulator training device",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flight-standards-district-office-fsdo/",
      "title": "Flight Standards District Office (FSDO)",
      "text": "faa field office serving assigned geographical area staffed flight standards personnel who serve aviation industry general public matters relating certification operation air carrier aircraft activities include surveillance operational safety airmen accident prevention investigation enforcement etc",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flight-strips/",
      "title": "Flight strips",
      "text": "paper strips containing instrument flight information used by atc processing plans",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flight-termination/",
      "title": "Flight Termination",
      "text": "intentional deliberate process terminating flight ua event unrecoverable lost link loss control failure that compromises safety",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flight-test/",
      "title": "Flight Test",
      "text": "flight purpose investigating operationflight characteristics aircraft component evaluating applicant pilot certificate rating",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flight-time/",
      "title": "Flight time",
      "text": "pilot time that commences aircraft moves its power purpose flight ends comes rest landing glider self launch capability towed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flight-training-device-ftd/",
      "title": "Flight training device (FTD)",
      "text": "replica aircraft instruments equipment panels controls open flight deck area enclosed cockpit includes computer programs necessary represent set operations ground conditions having full range capabilities systems installed device described part 60 chapter qualification performance standard qps specific ftd level",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flight-visibility/",
      "title": "Flight visibility",
      "text": "average forward horizontal distance cockpit aircraft flight which prominent unlighted objects may seen identified by day lighted night",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flightcrew-member/",
      "title": "Flightcrew member",
      "text": "pilot flight engineer navigator assigned duty aircraft time",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/flip/",
      "title": "FLIP",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/floor-load-limit/",
      "title": "Floor load limit",
      "text": "maximum weight floor sustain per square inchfoot provided by manufacturer",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/fly-heading-degrees/",
      "title": "Fly Heading (degrees)",
      "text": "informs pilot heading heshe fly may have turn continue specific compass direction order comply instructions expected shorter unless otherwise instructed by atc",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/fly-visual-to-airport/",
      "title": "Fly Visual To Airport",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/fly-by-waypoint/",
      "title": "Fly-By Waypoint",
      "text": "fly by waypoint requires use turn anticipation avoid overshoot next flight segment",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/fly-over-waypoint/",
      "title": "Fly-Over Waypoint",
      "text": "fly waypoint precludes turn until overflown followed by intercept maneuver next flight segment",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/fm/",
      "title": "FM",
      "text": "fan marker",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/fog/",
      "title": "Fog",
      "text": "cloud consisting numerous minute water droplets based surface are small enough suspended earths atmosphere indefinitely unlike drizzle does fall fog differs that distinguished haze by its wetness gray color",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/force-f/",
      "title": "Force (F)",
      "text": "energy applied object that attempts cause change its direction speed motion aerodynamics expressed f thrust l lift w weight d drag usually pounds",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/foreign-air-carrier/",
      "title": "Foreign air carrier",
      "text": "person citizen united states who undertakes directly by lease arrangement engage air transportation",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/foreign-air-commerce/",
      "title": "Foreign air commerce",
      "text": "carriage by aircraft persons property compensation hire mail operation navigation conduct furtherance business vocation commerce place united states outside thereof whether moves wholly partly forms transportation",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/foreign-air-transportation/",
      "title": "Foreign air transportation",
      "text": "carriage by aircraft persons property common carrier compensation hire mail commerce place united states outside whether that moves wholly partly forms transportation",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/foreign-object-damage-fod/",
      "title": "Foreign Object Damage (FOD)",
      "text": "damage gas turbine engine caused by object being sucked while running debris runways taxiways cause foreign ground operations ingestion ice birds fod flight",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/form-drag/",
      "title": "Form drag",
      "text": "drag created because shape component aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/formation-flight/",
      "title": "Formation Flight",
      "text": "one aircraft which by prior arrangement pilots operate single regard navigation position reporting separation within formation responsibility flight leader includes transition periods are maneuvering attain effect individual control join breakaway standard proximity mile laterally longitudinally 100 feet vertically maintained wingman nonstandard formations operating following conditions requested atc approved dimensions authorized altitude reservation altrv provisions letter agreement operations conducted airspace specifically designed special activity",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/forward-wing/",
      "title": "Forward wing",
      "text": "forward lifting surface canard configuration tandem wing airplane may fixed movable variable geometry control surfaces",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/freeze-calculated-landing-time-fclt/",
      "title": "Freeze Calculated Landing Time (FCLT)",
      "text": "dynamic parameter number minutes prior meter fix calculated time arrival aircraft tclt frozen becomes aclt ie vta updated consequently modified appropriate until fclt which updating suspended crossing mft assigned",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/freeze-horizon/",
      "title": "Freeze Horizon",
      "text": "time point which aircrafts sta becomes fixed longer fluctuates radar update setting ensures constant aircraft necessary metering controller plan hisher delay technique either distance meter fix prescribed flying",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/freeze-speed-parameter-fspd/",
      "title": "Freeze Speed Parameter (FSPD)",
      "text": "speed adapted aircraft determine fast slow freeze parameter fclt mldi",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/freeze-frozen/",
      "title": "Freeze/Frozen",
      "text": "terms used referring arrivals which have been assigned aclts lists they are displayed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/friction-measurement/",
      "title": "Friction Measurement",
      "text": "measurement friction characteristics runway pavement surface using continuous self watering equipment accordance specifications procedures schedules contained ac 1505320 12 construction maintenance skid resistant airport surfaces",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/frise-type-aileron/",
      "title": "Frise-type aileron",
      "text": "aileron having nose portion projecting ahead hinge line trailing edge moves projects wings lower surface produces parasite drag decreasing amount adverse yaw",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/front/",
      "title": "Front",
      "text": "boundary two different air masses",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/frost/",
      "title": "Frost",
      "text": "ice crystal deposits formed by sublimation temperature dewpoint are freezing",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/fstd/",
      "title": "FSTD",
      "text": "flight simulation training device",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ftd/",
      "title": "FTD",
      "text": "flight training device",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/fuel-dumping/",
      "title": "Fuel Dumping",
      "text": "airborne release usable fuel does include dropping tanks",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/fuel-load/",
      "title": "Fuel load",
      "text": "expendable part load airplane includes usable fuel required fill lines that which remains trapped tank sumps",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/fuel-remaining/",
      "title": "Fuel Remaining",
      "text": "phrase used by either pilots controllers relating fuel remaining board until actual exhaustion transmitting information response controller question pilot initiated cautionary advisory air traffic control state approximate number minutes flight continue reserve included time stated allowance established gauge system error",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/fuel-siphoning/",
      "title": "Fuel Siphoning",
      "text": "unintentional release fuel caused by overflow puncture loose cap etc",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/fuel-venting/",
      "title": "Fuel Venting",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/full-flight-simulator-ffs/",
      "title": "Full Flight Simulator (FFS)",
      "text": "replica specific type make model series aircraft cockpit includes assemblage equipment computer programs necessary represent operations ground flight conditions visual system providing view that provides cues least equivalent three degree freedom motion full range capabilities systems installed device described part 60 chapter qualification performance standards qps ffs level",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/fundamental-skills/",
      "title": "Fundamental skills",
      "text": "pilot skills instrument cross check interpretation aircraft control",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/fused-target/",
      "title": "Fused Target",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/fuselage/",
      "title": "Fuselage",
      "text": "section airplane that consists cabin andor cockpit containing seats occupants controls",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/fusion-[stars]/",
      "title": "Fusion [STARS]",
      "text": "combination available surveillance sources airport radar asr air route arsr ads b etc display single tracked target traffic control separation services fusion equivalent current sensor performance characteristic system terminal areas use mono pulse secondary mode 11 mssr",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/gama/",
      "title": "GAMA",
      "text": "general aviation manufacturers association",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/gate-hold-procedures/",
      "title": "Gate Hold ProcedureS",
      "text": "procedures selected airports hold aircraft gate ground location whenever departure delays exceed are anticipated 15 minutes sequence maintained accordance initial call unless modified by flow control restrictions pilots monitor controlclearance delivery frequency engine starttaxi advisories new proposed time delay changes",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/general-aviation/",
      "title": "General Aviation",
      "text": "that portion civil aviation does include scheduled unscheduled air carriers commercial space operations",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/general-aviation-[icao]/",
      "title": "General Aviation [ICAO]",
      "text": "civil aviation operations scheduled air services nonscheduled transport remuneration hire",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/geo-map/",
      "title": "Geo Map",
      "text": "digitized map markings associated asr radar system",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/gimbal-ring/",
      "title": "Gimbal ring",
      "text": "type support that allows object gyroscope remain upright condition its base tilted",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/glidepath/",
      "title": "Glidepath",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/glidepath-[icao]/",
      "title": "Glidepath [ICAO]",
      "text": "descent profile determined vertical guidance final approach",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/glidepath-intercept-altitude/",
      "title": "Glidepath Intercept Altitude",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/glider/",
      "title": "Glider",
      "text": "heavier air aircraft that supported flight by dynamic reaction against its lifting surfaces whose free does depend principally engine",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/glideslope/",
      "title": "Glideslope",
      "text": "provides vertical guidance aircraft approach landing glideslopeglidepath based following electronic components emitting signals which provide by reference airborne instruments instrument approaches ils visual ground aids vasi vfr portion par used atc inform making its position elevation relative descent profile",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/glideslope-gs/",
      "title": "Glideslope (GS)",
      "text": "part ils that projects radio beam upward angle approximately approach end instrument runway glideslope provides vertical guidance aircraft final course follow making along localizer path",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/glideslope-intercept-altitude/",
      "title": "Glideslope Intercept Altitude",
      "text": "published minimum altitude intercept glideslope intermediate segment instrument approach government charts use lightning bolt symbol identify point intersection called precise final fix pfaf atc directs higher resultant becomes",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/global-landing-system-gls/",
      "title": "Global landing system (GLS)",
      "text": "instrument approach lateral vertical guidance integrity limits similar barometric navigation baro vnav",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/global-navigation-satellite-system-gnss/",
      "title": "Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)",
      "text": "gnss refers collectively worldwide positioning navigation timing determination capability available one satellite constellations constellation may augmented by ground stations andor geostationary satellites improve integrity position accuracy",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/global-navigation-satellite-system-minimum-en-route-ifr-altitude-gnss-mea/",
      "title": "Global Navigation Satellite System MINIMUM En Route IFR ALTITUDE (GNSS MEA)",
      "text": "minimum en route ifr altitude published ats segment which assures acceptable global navigation satellite system reception meets obstacle clearance requirements",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/global-positioning-system-gps/",
      "title": "Global Positioning System (GPS)",
      "text": "gps refers worldwide positioning navigation timing determination capability available us satellite constellation service provided by civil use defined standard system performance composed space control user elements",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/gnss-[icao]/",
      "title": "GNSS [ICAO]",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/gnss-mea/",
      "title": "GNSS MEA",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/go-ahead/",
      "title": "GO AHEAD",
      "text": "proceed your message used purpose",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/go-around/",
      "title": "GO AROUND",
      "text": "instructions pilot abandon hisher approach landing additional may follow unless otherwise advised by atc vfr aircraft conducting visual overfly runway while climbing traffic pattern altitude enter via crosswind leg ifr flight plan making instrument execute published missed procedure proceed instructed eg go around required",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/go-around-power-or-thrust-setting/",
      "title": "Go-around power or thrust setting",
      "text": "maximum allowable flight power thrust setting identified performance data",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/goniometer/",
      "title": "Goniometer",
      "text": "used radio frequency rf antenna systems direction sensing device consisting two fixed loops wire oriented 90 which separately sense received signal strength send signals rotors also sealed indicating instrument are attached needle rotated by small motor until minimum magnetic field sensed near",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/gps-approach-overlay-program/",
      "title": "GPS Approach Overlay Program",
      "text": "authorization pilots use gps avionics ifr flying designated existing nonprecision instrument approach procedures exception loc lda sdf",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/graphic-plan-display-gpd/",
      "title": "Graphic Plan Display (GPD)",
      "text": "view available edst that provides graphic display aircraft traffic notification predicted conflicts routes current plans trial are displayed upon controller request",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/graphical-airmens-meteorological-information-g-airmet/",
      "title": "Graphical Airmen's Meteorological Information (G-AIRMET)",
      "text": "graphical depiction weather that may hazardous aircraft are less severe sigmets gairmets issued hours apart period 12 future lower 48 states coastal waters hazards depicted moderate turbulence lowlevel windshear strong surface winds greater 30 knots icing freezing level mountain obscuration ifr widespread areas ceilings 1000 ft visibility miles",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/graveyard-spiral/",
      "title": "Graveyard spiral",
      "text": "illusion cessation turn while still prolonged coordinated constant rate which lead disoriented pilot loss control aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/great-circle-route/",
      "title": "Great circle route",
      "text": "shortest distance across surface sphere earth two points",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/gross-navigation-error-gne/",
      "title": "Gross Navigation Error (GNE)",
      "text": "lateral deviation 10 nm aircrafts cleared route",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ground-adjustable-trim-tab/",
      "title": "Ground adjustable trim tab",
      "text": "non movable metal trim tab control surface bent one direction another while ground apply forces",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ground-based-augmentation-system-gbas/",
      "title": "Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS)",
      "text": "ground based gnss station which provides local differential corrections integrity parameters approach data via vhf broadcast users meet real time performance requirements cat precision approaches aircraft applies improve accuracy its signals computes deviations selected single serve multiple runway ends approximate radius 23 nm",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ground-based-augmentation-system-gbas-landing-system-gls/",
      "title": "Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS) Landing System (GLS)",
      "text": "type precision iap based local augmentation gnss data using single gbas station transmit locally corrected integrity parameters approach information improves accuracy aircraft receivers signal space enabling pilot fly much greater flexibility reliability complexity gls procedure published standard charts features title designated runway minima low 200 feet da future plans are expected support cat ii iii operations",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ground-clutter/",
      "title": "Ground Clutter",
      "text": "pattern produced radar scope by ground returns which may degrade affected area effect clutter minimized use moving target indicator mti circuits equipment resulting presentation displays targets are motion",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ground-communication-outlet-gco/",
      "title": "Ground Communication Outlet (GCO)",
      "text": "unstaffed remotely controlled groundground communications facility pilots uncontrolled airports may contact atc fss via vhf radio telephone connection goes pilot obtain ifr clearance close flight plan service open vfr updated weather briefing prior takeoff alaska medevac use four key clicks appropriate six gco system intended used ground",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ground-controlled-approach-gca/",
      "title": "Ground Controlled Approach (GCA)",
      "text": "radar approach system operated ground by air traffic control personnel transmitting instructions pilot radio may conducted surveillance asr precision par usage term gca pilots discouraged except referring facility specifically request desired nonprecision",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ground-delay-program-gdp/",
      "title": "Ground Delay Program (GDP)",
      "text": "traffic management process administered by atcscc aircraft are held ground purpose program support tm mission limit airborne holding flexible may implemented various forms depending upon needs system delay programs provide equitable assignment delays users",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ground-effect/",
      "title": "Ground effect",
      "text": "condition slightly increased air pressure airplane wing helicopter rotor system that increases amount lift produced exists within approximately one span diameter ground results reduction upwash downwash wingtip vortices provides corresponding decrease induced drag",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ground-proximity-warning-system-gpws/",
      "title": "Ground proximity warning system (GPWS)",
      "text": "system designed determine aircrafts clearance earth provides limited predictability aircraft position relative rising terrain",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ground-speed/",
      "title": "Ground Speed",
      "text": "speed aircraft relative surface earth",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ground-stop/",
      "title": "Ground Stop",
      "text": "gs process that requires aircraft meet specific criteria remain ground may airport airspace equipment example departures san francisco entering yorktown sector category ii going charlotte gss normally occur little warning",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ground-visibility/",
      "title": "Ground visibility",
      "text": "means prevailing horizontal visibility near earths surface reported by united states national weather service accredited observer",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/groundspeed/",
      "title": "Groundspeed",
      "text": "speed ground either closing station waypoint whatever direction aircraft going moment depending upon navigation system used",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/gs/",
      "title": "GS",
      "text": "means glide slope",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/gyrodyne/",
      "title": "Gyrodyne",
      "text": "rotorcraft whose rotors are normally engine driven takeoff hovering landing forward flight part its speed range means propulsion consisting usually conventional propellers independent rotor system",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/gyroplane/",
      "title": "Gyroplane",
      "text": "rotorcraft whose rotors are engine driven except initial starting made rotate by action air moving means propulsion consisting usually conventional propellers independent rotor system",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/gyroscopic-precession/",
      "title": "Gyroscopic precession",
      "text": "inherent quality rotating bodies which causes applied force manifested 90 direction rotation point",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/handoff/",
      "title": "Handoff",
      "text": "action taken transfer radar identification aircraft one controller another enter receiving controllers airspace radio communications transferred",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/have-numbers/",
      "title": "HAVE NUMBERS",
      "text": "used by pilots inform atc that they have received runway wind altimeter information",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/hazardous-attitudes/",
      "title": "Hazardous attitudes",
      "text": "five aeronautical decision making attitudes that may contribute poor pilot judgment anti authority impulsivity invulnerability machismo resignation",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/hazardous-inflight-weather-advisory-service-hiwas/",
      "title": "Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory Service (HIWAS)",
      "text": "en route fss service discontinued january 8th 2020 that provided continuously updated automated hazardous weather within 150 nautical miles selected vors available conterminous 48 states",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/hazardous-materials-hazmat/",
      "title": "Hazardous Materials (HAZMAT)",
      "text": "hazardous materials defined by 49 code federal regulations cfr 1718",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/hazardous-weather-information/",
      "title": "Hazardous Weather Information",
      "text": "hazardous weather informationsummary significant meteorological information sigmet ws convective sigmetwst urgent pilot reports pirepuua center advisories cwa airmens airmetwa graphical gairmet isolated thunderstorms that are rapidly developing increasing intensity low ceilings visibilities becoming widespread which considered included current advisory",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/head-up-display-hud/",
      "title": "Head-up display (HUD)",
      "text": "special type flight viewing screen that allows pilot watch instruments data while looking windshield aircraft traffic approach lights runway",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/heading/",
      "title": "Heading",
      "text": "direction which nose aircraft pointing flight",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/heading-indicator/",
      "title": "Heading indicator",
      "text": "instrument which senses airplane movement displays heading based 360 azimuth final zero omitted indicator also called directional gyro dg fundamentally mechanical designed facilitate use magnetic compass affected by forces that make difficult interpret",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/headwork/",
      "title": "Headwork",
      "text": "required accomplish conscious rational thought process making decisions good decision involves risk identification assessment information processing problem solving",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/heavy-aircraft/",
      "title": "Heavy (AIRCRAFT)",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/height-above-airport-haa/",
      "title": "Height Above Airport (HAA)",
      "text": "height minimum descent altitude published airport elevation conjunction circling minimums",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/height-above-landing-hal/",
      "title": "Height Above Landing (HAL)",
      "text": "height designated helicopter landing area used instrument approach procedures",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/height-above-touchdown-hat/",
      "title": "Height Above Touchdown (HAT)",
      "text": "height decision minimum descent altitude highest runway elevation touchdown zone first 3000 feet hat published instrument approach charts conjunction straight minimums",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/height-above-touchdown-elevation-hat/",
      "title": "Height above touchdown elevation (HAT)",
      "text": "dadh mda highest runway elevation touchdown zone first 3000 feet",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/helicopter/",
      "title": "Helicopter",
      "text": "rotorcraft that its horizontal motion depends principally engine driven rotors far definition heavier air aircraft supported flight chiefly by reactions one power substantially vertical axes pcg",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/helipad/",
      "title": "Helipad",
      "text": "small designated area usually prepared surface heliport airport landingtakeoff apronramp movement used takeoff landing parking helicopters",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/heliport/",
      "title": "Heliport",
      "text": "area land water structure used intended landing takeoff helicopters includes its buildings facilities",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/heliport-reference-point-hrp/",
      "title": "Heliport Reference Point (HRP)",
      "text": "geographic center heliport",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/hertz-hz/",
      "title": "Hertz (HZ)",
      "text": "standard radio equivalent frequency cycles per second electromagnetic wave kilohertz khz one thousand megahertz mhz million",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/hg/",
      "title": "Hg",
      "text": "abbreviation mercury latin hydrargyru",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/high-altitude-redesign-har/",
      "title": "High Altitude Redesign (HAR)",
      "text": "level non restrictive routing nrr service aircraft that have waypoints associated har program their flight management systems rnav equipage",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/high-frequency-hf/",
      "title": "High Frequency (HF)",
      "text": "high radio frequencies hf 30 mhz used air ground voice communication overseas operations",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/high-performance-aircraft/",
      "title": "High performance aircraft",
      "text": "aircraft engine 200 horsepower",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/high-speed-exit/",
      "title": "High Speed Exit",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/high-speed-taxiway/",
      "title": "High Speed Taxiway",
      "text": "long radius taxiway designed provided lighting marking define path aircraft traveling high speed 60 knots runway center point also referred exit turn expedite turning landing thus reducing occupancy time",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/high-speed-turnoff/",
      "title": "High Speed Turnoff",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/histotoxic-hypoxia/",
      "title": "Histotoxic hypoxia",
      "text": "inability cells effectively use oxygen plenty being transported that need they are unable",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/hold-for-release/",
      "title": "HOLD FOR RELEASE",
      "text": "used by atc delay aircraft traffic management reasons ie weather volume etc hold release instructions including departure information are inform pilot controller either directly authorized relay that ifr clearance valid until time additional have been received",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/hold-procedure/",
      "title": "Hold Procedure",
      "text": "predetermined maneuver which keeps aircraft within specified airspace while awaiting clearance air traffic control also used ground operations keep area point",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/hold-in-lieu-of-procedure-turn/",
      "title": "Hold-in-Lieu of Procedure Turn",
      "text": "hold lieu procedure turn shall established final intermediate fix approach made properly aligned holding pattern permits pilot align segment andor descend altitude that permit normal descent required maneuver unless aircraft being radar vectored course nopt shown chart requests controller advises make straight",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/hold-short-position-lights/",
      "title": "Hold-Short Position Lights",
      "text": "flashing pavement white lights located specified hold short points",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/hold-short-position-marking/",
      "title": "Hold-Short Position Marking",
      "text": "painted runway marking located hold short point lahso runways",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/hold-short-position-signs/",
      "title": "Hold-Short Position Signs",
      "text": "red white holding position signs located alongside hold short point",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/hold-sort-point/",
      "title": "Hold-Sort Point",
      "text": "point runway beyond which landing aircraft lahso clearance authorized proceed may located prior intersecting taxiway predetermined approachdeparture flight path",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/holding/",
      "title": "Holding",
      "text": "predetermined maneuver that keeps aircraft within specified airspace while awaiting clearance atc",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/holding-fix/",
      "title": "Holding Fix",
      "text": "specified fix identifiable pilot by navaids visual reference ground used point establishing maintaining position aircraft while holding",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/holding-pattern/",
      "title": "Holding pattern",
      "text": "racetrack pattern involving two turns legs used keep aircraft within prescribed airspace respect geographic fix standard uses right nonstandard patterns use left",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/holding-point-[icao]/",
      "title": "Holding Point [ICAO]",
      "text": "specified location identified by visual means vicinity which position aircraft flight maintained accordance air traffic control clearances",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/holding-procedure/",
      "title": "Holding Procedure",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/homing/",
      "title": "Homing",
      "text": "flight toward navaid correcting wind by adjusting aircraft heading maintain relative bearing zero degrees",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/homing-[icao]/",
      "title": "Homing [ICAO]",
      "text": "procedure using direction finding equipment one radio station emission another least stations mobile whereby proceeds continuously towards",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/horizontal-situation-indicator-hsi/",
      "title": "Horizontal situation indicator (HSI)",
      "text": "flight navigation instrument that combines heading indicator cdi order provide pilot better situational awareness location respect courseline",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/horsepower/",
      "title": "Horsepower",
      "text": "term originated by inventor james watt means amount work horse could one second horsepower equals 550 foot pounds per 33000 minute",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/hot-start/",
      "title": "Hot start",
      "text": "gas turbine engines start which occurs normal engine rotation exhaust temperature exceeds prescribed limits usually caused by excessively rich mixture combustor fuel must terminated immediately prevent damage",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/hover-check/",
      "title": "HOVER CHECK",
      "text": "used describe helicoptervtol aircraft requires stabilized hover conduct performancepower check prior taxi air takeoff altitude vary based purpose",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/hover-taxi/",
      "title": "HOVER TAXI",
      "text": "used describe helicoptervtol aircraft movement conducted surface ground effect airspeeds less approximately20 knots actual height may vary helicopters require hover taxi 25 feet agl reduce turbulence provide clearance cargo slingloads",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/how-do-you-hear-me/",
      "title": "HOW DO YOU HEAR ME?",
      "text": "question relating quality transmission determine well being received",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/human-factors/",
      "title": "Human factors",
      "text": "multidisciplinary field encompassing behavioral social sciences engineering physiology consider variables that influence individual crew performance purpose optimizing human reducing errors",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/hung-start/",
      "title": "Hung start",
      "text": "gas turbine engines condition normal light rpm remaining low value rather increasing idle often result insufficient power engine starter event hung start shut",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/hydroplaning/",
      "title": "Hydroplaning",
      "text": "condition that exists landing surface standing water deeper tread depth tires brakes are applied possibility brake lock tire ride much like ski hydroplaning directional control braking action virtually impossible effective anti skid system minimize effects",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/hypemic-hypoxia/",
      "title": "Hypemic hypoxia",
      "text": "type hypoxia that result oxygen deficiency blood rather lack inhaled caused by variety factors hypemic means enough",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/hyperventilation/",
      "title": "Hyperventilation",
      "text": "occurs individual experiencing emotional stress fright pain breathing rate depth increase although carbon dioxide level blood already reduced result excessive loss body which lead unconsciousness due respiratory systems overriding mechanism regain control",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/hypoxia/",
      "title": "Hypoxia",
      "text": "state oxygen deficiency body sufficient impair functions brain organs",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/hypoxic-hypoxia/",
      "title": "Hypoxic hypoxia",
      "text": "type hypoxia result insufficient oxygen available lungs decrease molecules sufficient pressure lead hypoxic",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/i-say-again/",
      "title": "I SAY AGAIN",
      "text": "message repeated",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ias/",
      "title": "IAS",
      "text": "indicated airspeed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/iawp/",
      "title": "IAWP",
      "text": "initial approach waypoint iawp",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/icao/",
      "title": "ICAO",
      "text": "international civil aviation organization",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/icao-three−letter-designator-3ld/",
      "title": "ICAO Three−Letter Designator (3LD)",
      "text": "icao threeletter designator 3ld exclusive that used together flight number becomes aircraft call sign provides distinct identification air traffic control atc approves 3lds enhance safety security system may assigned company agency organization instead registration operational purposes also plan associated messages domestic international flights telephony radio communication",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/icing/",
      "title": "Icing",
      "text": "accumulation airframe ice types icing are rime rough milky opaque formed by instantaneous freezing small supercooled water droplets clear glossy translucent relatively slow large mixed mixture intensity trace becomes perceptible rate slightly greater sublimation deicinganti equipment utilized unless encountered extended period time hour light may create problem flight prolonged environment occasional use removesprevents does present used moderate that even short encounters become potentially hazardous diversion necessary severe protection systems fail remove accumulates locations normally prone areas aft protected surfaces identified manufacturer immediate exit condition note aircraft dependent categories occur accumulations exceed tolerance",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ident/",
      "title": "Ident",
      "text": "request pilot activate aircraft transponder identification feature help controller confirm identity identify pcg definition air traffic control push button return controllers scope phak",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ident-feature/",
      "title": "Ident Feature",
      "text": "special feature air traffic control radar beacon system atcrbs equipment used immediately distinguish one displayed target targets",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/identification-[icao]/",
      "title": "Identification [ICAO]",
      "text": "situation which exists position indication particular aircraft seen display positively identified",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/idle-thrust/",
      "title": "Idle thrust",
      "text": "jet thrust obtained engine power control level set stop least position which placed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/if-no-transmission-received-for-time/",
      "title": "IF NO TRANSMISSION RECEIVED FOR (time)",
      "text": "used by atc radar approaches prefix procedures which followed pilot event lost communications",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/if-iawp/",
      "title": "IF/IAWP",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ifr/",
      "title": "IFR",
      "text": "instrument flight rules",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ifr-aircraft/",
      "title": "IFR Aircraft",
      "text": "aircraft conducting flight accordance instrument rules",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ifr-conditions/",
      "title": "IFR Conditions",
      "text": "weather conditions minimum flight visual rules",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ifr-departure-procedure/",
      "title": "IFR Departure Procedure",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ifr-flight/",
      "title": "IFR Flight",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ifr-landing-minimums/",
      "title": "IFR Landing Minimums",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ifr-military-training-routes-ir/",
      "title": "IFR Military Training Routes (IR)",
      "text": "routes used by department defense associated reserve air guard units purpose conducting low altitude navigation tactical training ifr vfr weather conditions 10000 feet msl airspeeds excess 250 knots ias",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ifr-over-the-top/",
      "title": "IFR over-the-top",
      "text": "operation aircraft top ifr flight plan cleared by air traffic control maintain vfr conditions",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ifr-takeoff-minimums-and-departure-procedures/",
      "title": "IFR Takeoff Minimums and Departure Procedures",
      "text": "title 14 code federal regulations part 91 prescribes standard takeoff rules certain civil users airports obstructions factors require establishment nonstandard minimums departure procedures assist pilots avoiding obstacles climb minimum en route altitude are listed faadod instrument approach iaps charts section entitled ifr iap chart legend illustrates symbol used alert pilot departing dps atc facilities available advise limitations controllers may query determine acceptable directions turns headings familiar must assure that their aircraft meet exceed specified gradients",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ifsd/",
      "title": "IFSD",
      "text": "flight shutdown",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ifwp/",
      "title": "IFWP",
      "text": "intermediate fix waypoint",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ils/",
      "title": "ILS",
      "text": "instrument landing system",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ils-categories/",
      "title": "ILS Categories",
      "text": "category ils approach procedure which provides height touchdown less 200 feet runway visual range 1800 special authorization 150 1400 hud dh ii 100 1200 autoland noted rvr 1000 reduced lighting zone centerline are required iii iiia decision minimum 700 iiib iiic",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/im/",
      "title": "IM",
      "text": "ils inner marker",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/immediately/",
      "title": "IMMEDIATELY",
      "text": "used by atc pilots action compliance required avoid imminent situation",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/in-flight-shutdown-ifsd/",
      "title": "In-flight shutdown (IFSD)",
      "text": "means etops engine ceases function airplane airborne shutdown whether self induced flightcrew initiated caused by external influence faa considers ifsd causes example flameout internal failure foreign object ingestion icing inability obtain control desired thrust power cycling start however briefly even operates normally remainder flight definition excludes cessation functioning immediately followed automatic relight does achieve",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/incerfa-uncertainty-phase-[icao]/",
      "title": "INCERFA (Uncertainty Phase) [ICAO]",
      "text": "situation wherein uncertainty exists safety aircraft its occupants",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/inclinometer/",
      "title": "Inclinometer",
      "text": "instrument consisting curved glass tube housing ball damped fluid similar kerosene may used indicate inclination level turn indicators show relationship gravity centrifugal force",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/increase-speed-to-speed/",
      "title": "INCREASE SPEED TO (Speed)",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/increased-separation-required-isr/",
      "title": "Increased Separation Required (ISR)",
      "text": "indicates confidence level track requires 5nm separation 3nm 12nm target resolution cannot used",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/indicated-airspeed/",
      "title": "Indicated airspeed",
      "text": "speed aircraft shown its pitot static airspeed indicator calibrated reflect standard atmosphere adiabatic compressible flow sea level uncorrected system errors",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/indicated-airspeed-ias/",
      "title": "Indicated airspeed (IAS)",
      "text": "shown dial instrument airspeed indicator aircraft indicated ias reading uncorrected position errors means speed its pitot static calibrated reflect standard atmosphere adiabatic compressible flow sea level system cas corrected error due incorrect pressure port installation",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/indicated-altitude/",
      "title": "Indicated altitude",
      "text": "altitude read directly altimeter uncorrected set current setting",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/indirect-indication/",
      "title": "Indirect indication",
      "text": "reflection aircraft pitch bank attitude by instruments indicator",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/induced-drag/",
      "title": "Induced drag",
      "text": "drag caused by factors that produce lift its amount varies inversely airspeed decreases angle attack must increase turn increasing induced",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/induction-icing/",
      "title": "Induction icing",
      "text": "type ice induction system that reduces amount air available combustion commonly found icing carburetor",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/inertial-navigation-system-ins/",
      "title": "Inertial navigation system (INS)",
      "text": "computer based navigation system that tracks movement aircraft via signals produced by onboard accelerometers initial location entered subsequent sensed used keep position updated ins does require inputs outside",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/inflight-refueling/",
      "title": "Inflight Refueling",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/inflight-weather-advisory/",
      "title": "Inflight Weather Advisory",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/information-request-inreq/",
      "title": "Information Request (INREQ)",
      "text": "request originated by fss information concerning overdue vfr aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/initial-approach-fix-iaf/",
      "title": "Initial Approach Fix (IAF)",
      "text": "fixes depicted instrument approach procedure charts that identify beginning initial segments",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/initial-approach-segment/",
      "title": "Initial Approach Segment",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/initial-approach-segment-[icao]/",
      "title": "Initial Approach Segment [ICAO]",
      "text": "that segment instrument approach procedure initial fix intermediate applicable final point",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/inland-navigation-facility/",
      "title": "Inland Navigation Facility",
      "text": "navigation aid north american route which common andor noncommon begins ends",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/inner-marker/",
      "title": "Inner Marker",
      "text": "marker beacon used ils cat ii precision approach located middle end runway transmitting radiation pattern keyed six dots per second indicating pilot aurally visually that heshe designated decision height dh normally 100 feet touchdown zone elevation also marks progress iii",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/inner-marker-beacon/",
      "title": "Inner Marker Beacon",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/inoperative-components/",
      "title": "Inoperative components",
      "text": "higher minimums are prescribed specified visual aids functioning information listed inoperative components table found united states terminal procedures publications",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/instantaneous-vertical-speed-indicator-ivsi/",
      "title": "Instantaneous vertical speed indicator (IVSI)",
      "text": "assists interpretation by instantaneously indicating rate climb descent given moment little lag displayed vertical speed indicator vsi",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/instrument/",
      "title": "Instrument",
      "text": "device using internal mechanism show visually aurally attitude altitude operation aircraft part includes electronic devices automatically controlling flight",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/instrument-approach/",
      "title": "Instrument Approach",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/instrument-approach-operations-[icao]/",
      "title": "Instrument Approach Operations [ICAO]",
      "text": "approach landing using instruments navigation guidance based instrument procedure are two methods executing operations dimensional 2d operation lateral three 3d vertical note refers provided either by ground radio aid computer generated data space self contained aids combination these",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/instrument-approach-procedure-iap/",
      "title": "Instrument Approach Procedure (IAP)",
      "text": "series predetermined maneuvers by reference flight instruments specified protection obstacles assurance navigation signal reception capability begins initial approach fix applicable beginning defined arrival route point which landing completed position holding en obstacle clearance criteria apply far definition orderly transfer aircraft instrument conditions may made visually prescribed approved specific airport competent authority us civil standard procedures are faa 14 cfr part 97 available public use military published department defense special individual operators pcg",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/instrument-approach-procedure-[icao]/",
      "title": "Instrument Approach Procedure [ICAO]",
      "text": "series predetermined maneuvers by reference flight instruments specified protection obstacles initial approach fix applicable beginning defined arrival route point which landing completed thereafter position holding en obstacle clearance criteria apply",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/instrument-approach-procedure-charts/",
      "title": "Instrument Approach Procedure Charts",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/instrument-departure-procedure-dp/",
      "title": "Instrument Departure Procedure (DP)",
      "text": "preplanned instrument flight rule ifr departure procedure published pilot use graphic textual format that provides obstruction clearance terminal area appropriate en route structure are two types dp obstacle odp printed either textually graphically standard sid which always",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/instrument-departure-procedure-dp-charts/",
      "title": "Instrument Departure Procedure (DP) Charts",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/instrument-flight-rules-ifr/",
      "title": "Instrument Flight Rules (IFR)",
      "text": "rules governing procedures conducting instrument flight also term used by pilots controllers indicate type plan pcg definition regulations established federal aviation administration govern conditions which outside visual reference safe ifr depends upon flying instruments deck navigation accomplished electronic signals phak",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/instrument-flight-rules-[icao]/",
      "title": "Instrument Flight Rules [ICAO]",
      "text": "set rules governing conduct flight instrument meteorological conditions",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/instrument-landing-system-ils/",
      "title": "Instrument Landing System (ILS)",
      "text": "precision instrument approach system which normally consists following electronic components visual aids localizer see glideslope outer marker middle lights airport lighting",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/instrument-meteorological-conditions-imc/",
      "title": "Instrument meteorological conditions (IMC)",
      "text": "meteorological conditions expressed terms visibility distance clouds ceiling less minimums specified visual requiring operations conducted ifr",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/instrument-runway/",
      "title": "Instrument Runway",
      "text": "runway equipped electronic visual navigation aids which precision nonprecision approach procedure having straight landing minimums been approved",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/instrument-runway-[icao]/",
      "title": "Instrument Runway [ICAO]",
      "text": "one following types runways intended operation aircraft using instrument approach procedures nonprecision runway served by visual aids nonvisual aid providing least directional guidance adequate straight precision category ils operations 60 m 200 feet decision height rvr order 800 ii 30 100 400 iii along surface being applicable final phase landing 50 taxiing reliance reference note see annex 10 volume part chapter related specifications need necessarily matched scale provided criterion selection conditions which are conducted",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/instrument-takeoff/",
      "title": "Instrument takeoff",
      "text": "using instruments rather outside visual cues maintain runway heading execute safe takeoff",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/int/",
      "title": "INT",
      "text": "intersection",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/integrity/",
      "title": "Integrity",
      "text": "ability system provide timely warnings users used navigation",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/intercooler/",
      "title": "Intercooler",
      "text": "device used reduce temperatures compressed air enters fuel metering resulting cooler higher density which permits engine operated power setting",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/interference-drag/",
      "title": "Interference drag",
      "text": "drag generated by collision airstreams creating eddy currents turbulence restrictions smooth flow",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/intermediate-approach-segment/",
      "title": "Intermediate Approach Segment",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/intermediate-approach-segment-[icao]/",
      "title": "Intermediate Approach Segment [ICAO]",
      "text": "that segment instrument approach procedure either intermediate fix final point end reversal race track dead reckoning appropriate",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/intermediate-fix/",
      "title": "Intermediate Fix",
      "text": "fix that identifies beginning intermediate approach segment instrument procedure normally identified chart",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/intermediate-fix-initial-approach-waypoint/",
      "title": "Intermediate Fix/Initial Approach Waypoint",
      "text": "waypoint final approach course meets crossbar designated conjunction taa used iawp approaching airport certain directions ifwp beginning another",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/intermediate-landing/",
      "title": "Intermediate Landing",
      "text": "rare occasion that option requested approved departure center however must advise atcscc appropriate delay carried assigned intermediate airport landing within arrival accepted coordination approval",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/international-airport/",
      "title": "International Airport",
      "text": "relating international flight means airport entry which been designated by secretary treasury commissioner customs service landing rights specific permission land must obtained authorities advance contemplated use airports convention civil aviation commercial air transport andor general",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/international-airport-[icao]/",
      "title": "International Airport [ICAO]",
      "text": "airport designated by contracting state whose territory situated entry departure international air traffic formalities incident customs immigration public health animal plant quarantine similar procedures are carried",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/international-civil-aviation-organization-icao/",
      "title": "International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)",
      "text": "united nations agency developing principles techniques international air navigation fostering planning development civil transport",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/international-civil-aviation-organization-[icao]/",
      "title": "International Civil Aviation Organization [ICAO]",
      "text": "specialized agency united nations whose objective develop principles techniques international air navigation foster planning development civil transport",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/international-standard-atmosphere-ias/",
      "title": "International standard atmosphere (IAS)",
      "text": "model standard variation pressure temperature",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/interpolation/",
      "title": "Interpolation",
      "text": "estimation intermediate value quantity that falls marked values series example measurement length rule eighths inch 38 12 estimated interpolated might said 716",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/interrogator/",
      "title": "Interrogator",
      "text": "ground based surveillance radar beacon transmitter receiver which normally scans synchronism primary transmitting discrete radio signals repetitiously request transponders mode being used toreply replies received are mixed returns displayed plan position indicator scope also applied airborne element tacandme system",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/intersecting-runways/",
      "title": "Intersecting Runways",
      "text": "two runways which cross meet within their lengths",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/intersection/",
      "title": "Intersection",
      "text": "point defined by combination courses radials bearings two navigational aids used describe runways runway taxiway taxiways cross meet",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/intersection-departure/",
      "title": "Intersection Departure",
      "text": "departure runway intersection except end",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/intersection-takeoff/",
      "title": "Intersection Takeoff",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/interstate-air-commerce/",
      "title": "Interstate air commerce",
      "text": "means carriage by aircraft persons property compensation hire mail operation navigation conduct furtherance business vocation commerce place state united states district columbia places airspace outside thereof territory possession",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/interstate-air-transportation/",
      "title": "Interstate air transportation",
      "text": "means carriage by aircraft persons property common carrier compensation hire mail commerce place state district columbia another places airspace outside that possession united states",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/intrastate-air-transportation/",
      "title": "Intrastate air transportation",
      "text": "carriage persons property common carrier compensation hire by turbojet powered aircraft capable carrying thirty wholly within state united states",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/inversion/",
      "title": "Inversion",
      "text": "increase temperature altitude",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/inversion-illusion/",
      "title": "Inversion illusion",
      "text": "feeling that aircraft tumbling backwards caused by abrupt change climb straight level flight while situations lacking visual reference",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/inverter-a-solid-state-electronic-device-that-converts-dc/",
      "title": "Inverter. A solid-state electronic device that converts D.C",
      "text": "ac current proper voltage frequency operate gyro instruments",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/irregular-surface/",
      "title": "Irregular Surface",
      "text": "surface that open use per regulations",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/isobars/",
      "title": "Isobars",
      "text": "lines which connect points equal barometric pressure",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/isogonic-lines/",
      "title": "Isogonic lines",
      "text": "lines drawn across aeronautical charts connect points having magnetic variation",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/jamming/",
      "title": "Jamming",
      "text": "denotes emissions that mimic global navigation satellite system gnss signals eg gps waas rather interfere civil receivers ability acquire track jamming result denial positioning timing aircraft dependent functions",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/jet-blast/",
      "title": "Jet Blast",
      "text": "rapid air movement produced by exhaust jet engines",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/jet-route/",
      "title": "Jet Route",
      "text": "route designed serve aircraft operations 18000 feet msl including flight level 450 routes are referred j numbering identify designated eg j105",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/jet-stream/",
      "title": "Jet stream",
      "text": "high velocity narrow stream winds usually found near upper limit troposphere which flows generally west east",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/jettisoning-of-external-stores/",
      "title": "Jettisoning Of External Stores",
      "text": "airborne release external stores eg tiptanks ordnance",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/joint-use-restricted-area/",
      "title": "Joint Use Restricted Area",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/judgment/",
      "title": "Judgment",
      "text": "mental process recognizing analyzing pertinent information particular situation rational evaluation alternative actions response timely decision which action take",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/jump-zone/",
      "title": "Jump Zone",
      "text": "airspace directly associated drop zone vertical horizontal limits may locally defined",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/justifiable-aircraft-equipment/",
      "title": "Justifiable aircraft equipment",
      "text": "equipment necessary operation aircraft does include ballast specifically installed permanently otherwise purpose altering empty weight meet maximum payload capacity",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/kias/",
      "title": "KIAS",
      "text": "knots indicated airspeed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/kind-of-operation/",
      "title": "Kind of operation",
      "text": "one various operations certificate holder authorized conduct specified its specifications ie domestic flag supplemental commuter demand",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/kite/",
      "title": "Kite",
      "text": "framework covered paper cloth metal material intended flown end rope cable having its support force wind moving past surfaces",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/knot/",
      "title": "Knot",
      "text": "knot unit speed equal one nautical mile 1852 km per hour approximately 1151 mph",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/known-traffic/",
      "title": "Known Traffic",
      "text": "respect atc clearances means aircraft whose altitude position intentions are known",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/kollsman-window/",
      "title": "Kollsman window",
      "text": "barometric scale window sensitive altimeter used adjust altitude setting",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/lag/",
      "title": "Lag",
      "text": "delay that occurs instrument needle attains stable indication",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/lahso/",
      "title": "LAHSO",
      "text": "acronym land hold short operation these operations include landing holding intersecting runway taxiway predetermined point approachdeparture flightpath",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/lahso-dry/",
      "title": "LAHSO-Dry",
      "text": "land hold short operations runways that are dry",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/lahso-wet/",
      "title": "LAHSO-Wet",
      "text": "land hold short operations runways that are wet contaminated",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/land-and-hold-short-operations/",
      "title": "Land And Hold Short Operations",
      "text": "operations which include simultaneous takeoffs landings andor landing aircraft able instructed by controller hold short intersecting runwaytaxiway designated point pilots are expected promptly inform clearance cannot accepted",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/land-as-soon-as-possible/",
      "title": "Land as soon as possible",
      "text": "land delay nearest suitable area open field which safe approach landing assured",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/land-as-soon-as-practical/",
      "title": "Land as soon as practical",
      "text": "landing site duration flight are discretion pilot extended beyond nearest approved area recommended",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/land-breeze/",
      "title": "Land breeze",
      "text": "coastal breeze flowing land sea caused by temperature differences surface warmer adjacent usually occurs night alternates that blows opposite direction day",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/land-immediately/",
      "title": "Land immediately",
      "text": "urgency landing paramountthe primary consideration ensure survival occupants trees water unsafe areas considered last resort",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/land-based-air-defense-identification-zone-adiz/",
      "title": "Land-Based Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ)",
      "text": "adiz us metropolitan areas which activated deactivated needed dimensions activation dates relevant information disseminated via notam",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/landing-area/",
      "title": "Landing Area",
      "text": "locality either land water structures including airportsheliports intermediate landing fields which used intended takeoff aircraft whether facilities are provided shelter servicing receiving discharging passengers cargo",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/landing-area-[icao]/",
      "title": "Landing Area [ICAO]",
      "text": "that part movement area intended landing take aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/landing-direction-indicator/",
      "title": "Landing Direction Indicator",
      "text": "device which visually indicates direction landings takeoffs made",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/landing-distance-available-lda/",
      "title": "Landing Distance Available (LDA)",
      "text": "runway length declared available suitable landing airplane",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/landing-distance-available-[icao]/",
      "title": "Landing Distance Available [ICAO]",
      "text": "length runway which declared available suitable ground run aeroplane landing",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/landing-gear-extended-speed/",
      "title": "Landing gear extended speed",
      "text": "maximum speed which aircraft safely flown landing gear extended",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/landing-gear-extended-speed-vle/",
      "title": "Landing gear extended speed (VLE)",
      "text": "landing gear extended speed maximum which airplane safely flown",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/landing-gear-operating-speed/",
      "title": "Landing gear operating speed",
      "text": "maximum speed which landing gear safely extended retracted",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/landing-gear-operating-speed-vlo/",
      "title": "Landing gear operating speed (VLO)",
      "text": "landing gear operating speed maximum extending retracting using airplane equipped retractable",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/landing-minimums/",
      "title": "Landing Minimums",
      "text": "minimum visibility prescribed landing civil aircraft while using instrument approach procedure applies limitations set forth 14 cfr part 91 respect descent altitude mda decision height dh procedures follows straight minimums statement required specified runway circling circle land maneuver note must meet conditions stated section 91175",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/landing-roll/",
      "title": "Landing Roll",
      "text": "distance point touchdown aircraft brought stop exit runway",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/landing-sequence/",
      "title": "Landing Sequence",
      "text": "order which aircraft are positioned landing",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/large-aircraft/",
      "title": "Large aircraft",
      "text": "aircraft 12500 pounds maximum certificated takeoff weight",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/last-assigned-altitude/",
      "title": "Last Assigned Altitude",
      "text": "last altitudeflight level assigned by atc acknowledged pilot",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/lateral-axis/",
      "title": "Lateral axis",
      "text": "imaginary line passing center gravity airplane extending across wingtip",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/lateral-navigation-lnav/",
      "title": "Lateral Navigation (LNAV)",
      "text": "function area navigation rnav equipment which calculates displays provides lateral guidance profile path",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/lateral-separation/",
      "title": "Lateral Separation",
      "text": "lateral spacing aircraft altitude by requiring operation different routes geographical locations",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/lateral-stability-rolling/",
      "title": "Lateral stability (rolling)",
      "text": "stability longitudinal axis aircraft rolling ability airplane return level flight due disturbance that causes one wings drop",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/latitude/",
      "title": "Latitude",
      "text": "measurement north south equator degrees minutes seconds lines latitude are also referred parallels",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/layered-contaminant/",
      "title": "Layered contaminant",
      "text": "combination definitions contaminants example definition wet snow ice that grains coated liquid water which bonds mass together excess pore space solid form frozen",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/lda/",
      "title": "LDA",
      "text": "localizer type directional aid",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/lead-radial/",
      "title": "Lead radial",
      "text": "radial which turn dme arc inbound course started",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/leading-edge/",
      "title": "Leading edge",
      "text": "part airfoil that meets airflow first",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/leading-edge-devices/",
      "title": "Leading edge devices",
      "text": "high lift devices which are found leading edge airfoil common types fixed slots movable slats flaps",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/leading-edge-flap/",
      "title": "Leading-edge flap",
      "text": "portion leading edge airplane wing that folds downward increase camber lift drag flaps are extended takeoffs landings amount aerodynamic produced given airspeed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/leans-the/",
      "title": "Leans, the",
      "text": "physical sensation caused by abrupt correction banked attitude entered slowly stimulate motion sensing system inner ear create illusion banking opposite direction",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/licensed-empty-weight/",
      "title": "Licensed empty weight",
      "text": "empty weight that consists airframe engines unusable fuel undrainable oil plus standard optional equipment specified list manufacturers used term prior gama standardization",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/lift/",
      "title": "Lift",
      "text": "component total aerodynamic force airfoil acts perpendicular relative wind",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/lift-off-speed-vlof/",
      "title": "Lift-Off Speed (VLOF)",
      "text": "lift speed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/light-gun/",
      "title": "Light Gun",
      "text": "handheld directional light signaling device which emits brilliant narrow beam white green red selected by tower controller color type transmitted used approve disapprove anticipated pilot actions radio communication available gun controlling traffic operating vicinity airport movement area",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/light-sport-aircraft-lsa/",
      "title": "Light-Sport Aircraft (LSA)",
      "text": "means aircraft helicopter powered lift that since its original certification continued meet following maximum takeoff weight 1320 pounds 600 kilograms intended operation water 1430 650 airspeed level flight continuous power vh 120 knots cas standard atmospheric conditions sea never exceed speed vne glider stalling minimum steady use enhancing devices vs1 45 aircrafts certificated critical center gravity seating capacity two persons including pilot single reciprocating engine fixed ground adjustable propeller feathering system pitch semi rigid teetering blade rotor gyroplane nonpressurized cabin equipped landing gear except retractable hull far definition faa registered meets certain performance principally seats weighing must simple design operations piston also limited calibrated have may either experimental lsa special sport certificate required operate light pcg",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/lighted-airport/",
      "title": "Lighted Airport",
      "text": "airport runway obstruction lighting available",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/lighter-than-air-aircraft/",
      "title": "Lighter-than-air aircraft",
      "text": "aircraft that rise remain suspended by using contained gas weighing less air displaced",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/limit-load-factor/",
      "title": "Limit load factor",
      "text": "amount stress load factor that aircraft withstand structural damage failure occurs",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/line-up-and-wait-luaw/",
      "title": "Line Up And Wait (LUAW)",
      "text": "used by atc inform pilot taxi onto departure runway line wait authorization takeoff clearance cannot immediately issued because traffic reasons",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/lines-of-flux/",
      "title": "Lines of flux",
      "text": "invisible lines magnetic force passing poles magnet",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/lmm/",
      "title": "LMM",
      "text": "compass locator middle marker",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/load-factor/",
      "title": "Load factor",
      "text": "ratio specified load total weight aircraft expressed terms following aerodynamic forces inertia ground water reactions",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/loadmeter/",
      "title": "Loadmeter",
      "text": "type ammeter installed generator output main bus aircraft electrical system",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/loc/",
      "title": "LOC",
      "text": "ils localizer",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/local-airport-advisory-laa/",
      "title": "Local Airport Advisory (LAA)",
      "text": "service available alaska provided by facilities that are located landing airport have discrete ground air communication frequency tower closed automated weather reporting voice broadcasting continuous asosawos data display direct reading instruments manual observations specialist",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/local-area-augmentation-system-laas/",
      "title": "Local area augmentation system (LAAS)",
      "text": "differential global positioning system dgps that improves accuracy by determining position error gps satellites transmitting corrective factors airborne receiver",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/local-traffic/",
      "title": "Local Traffic",
      "text": "aircraft operating traffic pattern within sight tower known departing arriving flight local practice areas executing instrument approaches airport",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/localizer/",
      "title": "Localizer",
      "text": "component ils which provides course guidance runway",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/localizer-loc/",
      "title": "Localizer (LOC)",
      "text": "portion ils that gives leftright guidance information centerline instrument runway final approach",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/localizer-course-[icao]/",
      "title": "Localizer Course [ICAO]",
      "text": "locus points given horizontal plane which ddm difference depth modulation zero",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/localizer-offset/",
      "title": "Localizer Offset",
      "text": "angular offset localizer aligned within runway alignment",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/localizer-perfomrnace-with-vertical-guidance-lpv/",
      "title": "Localizer Perfomrnace With Vertical Guidance (LPV)",
      "text": "type approach vertical guidance apv based waas published rnav gps charts procedure takes advantage precise lateral available minima decision altitude da",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/localizer-type-directional-aid-lda/",
      "title": "Localizer Type Directional Aid (LDA)",
      "text": "localizer angular offset that exceeds runway alignment used nonprecision instrument approaches utility accuracy comparable which are part complete ils",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/localizer-type-directional-aid-lda-precision-runway-monitor-prm-approach/",
      "title": "Localizer Type Directional Aid (LDA) Precision Runway Monitor (PRM) APPROACH",
      "text": "approach which includes glideslope used conjunction ils prm rnav gls adjacent runway conduct simultaneous offset instrument approaches soia parallel runways whose centerlines are separated by less 3000 feet least 750 ntz monitoring required these",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/localizer-usable-distance/",
      "title": "Localizer Usable Distance",
      "text": "maximum distance localizer transmitter specified altitude verified by flight inspection which reliable course information continuously received",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/locator-[icao]/",
      "title": "Locator [ICAO]",
      "text": "lmmf ndb used aid final approach note locator usually average radius rated coverage 185 463 km 10 25 nm",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/locator-middle-marker-lmm/",
      "title": "Locator middle marker (LMM)",
      "text": "nondirectional radio beacon ndb compass locator collocated middle marker mm",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/locator-outer-marker-lom/",
      "title": "Locator outer marker (LOM)",
      "text": "ndb compass locator collocated outer marker om",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/lom/",
      "title": "LOM",
      "text": "compass locator outer marker",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/long-range-communication-system-lrcs/",
      "title": "Long-range communication system (LRCS).",
      "text": "system that used satellite relay data link high frequency another approved communication which extends beyond line sight",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/long-range-navigation-system-lrns/",
      "title": "Long-range navigation system (LRNS).",
      "text": "electronic navigation unit that approved use instrument flight rules primary means least one source navigational input inertial system global positioning omegavery low frequency loran c",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/longitude/",
      "title": "Longitude",
      "text": "measurement east west prime meridian degrees minutes seconds longitude runs greenwich england lines are also referred meridians",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/longitudinal-axis/",
      "title": "Longitudinal axis",
      "text": "imaginary line aircraft nose tail passing its center gravity longitudinal axis also called roll movement ailerons rotates airplane",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/longitudinal-separation/",
      "title": "Longitudinal Separation",
      "text": "longitudinal spacing aircraft altitude by minimum distance expressed units time miles",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/longitudinal-stability-pitching/",
      "title": "Longitudinal stability (pitching)",
      "text": "stability lateral axis desirable characteristic airplane whereby tends return its trimmed angle attack displacement",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/loran/",
      "title": "LORAN",
      "text": "long range navigation electronic navigational system by which hyperbolic lines position are determined measuring difference time reception synchronized pulse signals two fixed transmitters loran operates 1750 1950 khz frequency band c d operate 100 110 2010 us coast guard terminated transmissions",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/lost-communications/",
      "title": "Lost Communications",
      "text": "loss ability communicate by radio aircraft are sometimes referred nordo standard pilot procedures specified 14 cfr part 91 radar controllers issue pilots follow event lost communications approach weather reports indicate that likely encounter ifr conditions",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/lost-link-ll/",
      "title": "Lost Link (LL)",
      "text": "interruption loss control link pilot unable effect aircraft result ua perform predictable planned maneuver command station are two types links uplink which transmits instructions downlink status provides situational awareness",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/lost-link-procedure/",
      "title": "Lost Link Procedure",
      "text": "preprogrammed predetermined mitigations ensure continued safe operation ua event lost link ll positive cannot established flight termination must implemented",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/low-altitude-airway-structure/",
      "title": "Low Altitude Airway Structure",
      "text": "network airways serving aircraft operations including 18000 feet msl",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/low-altitude-authorization-and-notification-capability-laanc/",
      "title": "Low Altitude Authorization And Notification Capability (LAANC)",
      "text": "faa industry collaboration which automates process obtaining required authorization operations controlled airspace",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/low-approach/",
      "title": "Low Approach",
      "text": "approach airport runway following instrument vfr including go around maneuver pilot intentionally does make contact",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/low-frequency-lf/",
      "title": "Low Frequency (LF)",
      "text": "frequency band 30 300 khz",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/low-or-medium-frequency/",
      "title": "Low or medium frequency",
      "text": "frequency range 190 535 khz medium 300 generally associated nondirectional beacons transmitting continuous carrier either 400 1020 hz modulation",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/lubber-line/",
      "title": "Lubber line",
      "text": "reference line used magnetic compass heading indicator",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/maa/",
      "title": "MAA",
      "text": "means maximum authorized ifr altitude",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/mach-meter/",
      "title": "Mach meter",
      "text": "instrument that displays ratio speed sound true airspeed aircraft flying",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/mach-number/",
      "title": "Mach Number",
      "text": "ratio true airspeed speed sound atmospheric conditions eg mach 82 16 named honor ernst late 19th century physicist",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/mach-technique-[icao]/",
      "title": "Mach Technique [ICAO]",
      "text": "describes control technique used by air traffic whereby turbojet aircraft operating successively along suitable routes are cleared maintain appropriate mach numbers relevant portion en route phase flight principle objective achieve improved utilization airspace ensure that separation successive does decrease established minima",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/magnetic-bearing-mb/",
      "title": "Magnetic bearing (MB)",
      "text": "direction radio transmitting station measured relative magnetic north",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/magnetic-compass/",
      "title": "Magnetic compass",
      "text": "device determining direction measured magnetic north",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/magnetic-dip/",
      "title": "Magnetic dip",
      "text": "vertical attraction compass needle magnetic poles closer aircraft pole severe effect",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/magnetic-heading-mh/",
      "title": "Magnetic heading (MH)",
      "text": "direction aircraft pointed respect magnetic north",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/magneto/",
      "title": "Magneto",
      "text": "self contained engine driven unit that supplies electrical current spark plugs completely independent airplanes system normally are two magnetos per",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/magnus-effect/",
      "title": "Magnus effect",
      "text": "lifting force produced rotating cylinder produces pressure differential effect that makes baseball curve golf ball slice",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/mahwp/",
      "title": "MAHWP",
      "text": "missed approach holding waypoint",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/main-rotor/",
      "title": "Main rotor",
      "text": "rotor that supplies principal lift rotorcraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/maintain/",
      "title": "Maintain",
      "text": "concerning altitudeflight level term means remain specified phrase climb descend normally precedes maintain altitude assignment eg 5000 atc instructions used its literal sense vfr",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/maintenance/",
      "title": "Maintenance",
      "text": "inspection overhaul repair preservation replacement parts excludes preventive maintenance",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/maintenance-planning-friction-level/",
      "title": "Maintenance Planning Friction Level",
      "text": "friction level specified ac 1505320 12 measurement construction maintenance skid resistant airport pavement surfaces which represents value runway surface remains acceptable category class aircraft operations beginning show signs deterioration vary depending particular equipment used",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/major-alteration/",
      "title": "Major alteration",
      "text": "alteration listed aircraft engine propeller specifications that might appreciably affect weight balance structural strength performance powerplant operation flight characteristics qualities affecting airworthiness according accepted practices cannot by elementary operations",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/major-repair/",
      "title": "Major repair",
      "text": "repair that improperly might appreciably affect weight balance structural strength performance powerplant operation flight characteristics qualities affecting airworthiness according accepted practices cannot by elementary operations",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/make-short-approach/",
      "title": "Make Short Approach",
      "text": "used by atc inform pilot alter hisher traffic pattern make short final approach",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/mals/",
      "title": "MALS",
      "text": "medium intensity approach light system",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/malsr/",
      "title": "MALSR",
      "text": "medium intensity approach light system runway alignment indicator lights",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/man-portable-air-defense-systems-manpads/",
      "title": "Man Portable Air Defense Systems (MANPADS)",
      "text": "manpads are lightweight shoulder launched missile systems used bring aircraft create mass casualties potential use against airborne real requires familiarity subject terrorists choose because weapons low cost highly mobile require minimal set time easy maintain although have limited range their accuracy affected by poor visibility adverse weather they fired anywhere land boats unrestricted target",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/mandatory-altitude/",
      "title": "Mandatory Altitude",
      "text": "altitude depicted instrument approach procedure chart requiring aircraft maintain value pcg definition underscored overscored are required phak",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/mandatory-block-altitude/",
      "title": "Mandatory block altitude",
      "text": "altitude depicted instrument approach chart two underscored overscored values which aircraft are required maintain",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/maneuverability/",
      "title": "Maneuverability",
      "text": "ability aircraft change directions along flight path withstand stresses imposed upon",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/maneuvering-speed-va/",
      "title": "Maneuvering speed (VA)",
      "text": "design maneuvering speed operating does provide structural protection against multiple full control inputs one axis time",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/manifold-absolute-pressure/",
      "title": "Manifold absolute pressure",
      "text": "absolute pressure fuelair mixture within intake manifold usually indicated inches mercury",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/manifold-pressure/",
      "title": "Manifold pressure",
      "text": "absolute pressure measured appropriate point induction system usually expressed inches mercury",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/margin-identification/",
      "title": "Margin identification",
      "text": "top bottom areas instrument approach chart that depict information procedure including airport location identification",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/marker-beacon/",
      "title": "Marker Beacon",
      "text": "electronic navigation facility transmitting 75 mhz vertical fan boneshaped radiation pattern marker beacons are identified by their modulation frequency keying code received compatible airborne equipment indicate pilot aurally visually that heshe passing",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/mass/",
      "title": "Mass",
      "text": "amount matter body",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/maximum-altitude/",
      "title": "Maximum altitude",
      "text": "altitude depicted instrument approach chart overscored value which aircraft are required maintain",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/maximum-authorized-altitude-maa/",
      "title": "Maximum Authorized Altitude (MAA)",
      "text": "published altitude representing maximum usable flight level airspace structure route segment highest federal airway jet area navigation low high direct which mea designated 14 cfr part 95 adequate reception aid signals assured mayday international radiotelephony distress signal repeated three times indicates imminent grave danger that immediate assistance requested",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/maximum-gross-operating-weight-mgow/",
      "title": "Maximum Gross Operating Weight (MGOW)",
      "text": "maximum gross weight aircraft including fuel external objects point flight",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/maximum-engine-overtorque/",
      "title": "Maximum engine overtorque",
      "text": "applies turbopropeller turboshaft engines incorporating free power turbines ratings except one engine inoperative oei two minutes less means maximum torque turbine rotor assembly inadvertent occurrence which periods 20 seconds require rejection service maintenance action correct causemaximum speed stability characteristics vfcmfc that may midway operating limit vmommo demonstrated flight diving vdfmdf altitudes mach number limiting factor mfc need exceed effective warning occurs",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/maximum-landing-weight-mlw/",
      "title": "Maximum Landing Weight (MLW)",
      "text": "greatest weight that airplane normally allowed have landing",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/maximum-payload-capacity/",
      "title": "Maximum payload capacity",
      "text": "aircraft which maximum zero fuel weight prescribed faa technical specifications less empty justifiable equipment operating load consisting minimum flightcrew foods beverages supplies related including disposable oil certificated takeoff allowance crew follows",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/maximum-ramp-weight/",
      "title": "Maximum ramp weight",
      "text": "total weight loaded aircraft including fuel greater takeoff due that burned taxi runup operations ramp may also referred",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/maximum-structural-cruising-speed-vno/",
      "title": "Maximum Structural Cruising Speed (VNO)",
      "text": "maximum structural cruising speed exceed except smooth air upper limit green arc",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/maximum-takeoff-weight-mtow/",
      "title": "Maximum Takeoff Weight (MTOW)",
      "text": "maximum allowable weight takeoff",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/maximum-weight/",
      "title": "Maximum Weight",
      "text": "maximum authorized weight aircraft its equipment specified type certificate data sheets tcds",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/maximum-zero-fuel-weight/",
      "title": "Maximum zero fuel weight",
      "text": "maximum permissible weight aircraft disposable fuel oil zero figure may found either type certificate data sheet approved flight manual",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/maximum-zero-fuel-weight-gama/",
      "title": "Maximum Zero Fuel Weight (GAMA)",
      "text": "maximum weight exclusive usable fuel",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/mayday/",
      "title": "MAYDAY",
      "text": "international radiotelephony distress signal repeated three times indicates imminent grave danger that immediate assistance requested",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/mca/",
      "title": "MCA",
      "text": "minimum crossing altitude",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/mda/",
      "title": "MDA",
      "text": "minimum descent altitude",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/mea/",
      "title": "MEA",
      "text": "minimum en route ifr altitude",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/mean-aerodynamic-chord-mac/",
      "title": "Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC)",
      "text": "average distance leading edge trailing wing",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/mean-sea-level-msl/",
      "title": "Mean Sea Level (MSL)",
      "text": "average height surface sea particular location stages tide 19 year period",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/medical-certificate/",
      "title": "Medical certificate",
      "text": "acceptable evidence physical fitness form prescribed by administrator",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/meridians/",
      "title": "Meridians",
      "text": "lines longitude",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/mesophere/",
      "title": "Mesophere",
      "text": "layer atmosphere directly stratosphere",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/meteorological-impact-statement-mis/",
      "title": "Meteorological Impact Statement (MIS)",
      "text": "unscheduled planning forecast describing conditions expected begin within 12 hours which may impact flow air traffic specific centers artcc area",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/meter-fix-arc/",
      "title": "Meter Fix Arc",
      "text": "semicircle equidistant meter fix usually low altitude relatively close used help ctaseram calculate time determine appropriate sector list assignments aircraft established arrival route assigned",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/meter-fix-time-slot-time-mft/",
      "title": "Meter Fix Time/Slot Time (MFT)",
      "text": "calculated time depart meter fix order cross vertex aclt reflects descent speed adjustment applicable that must absorbed prior crossing",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/meter-list/",
      "title": "Meter List",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/meter-list-display-interval-mldi/",
      "title": "Meter List Display Interval (MLDI)",
      "text": "dynamic parameter which controls number minutes prior flight plan calculated time arrival meter fix aircraft tclt frozen becomes aclt ie vta updated consequently modified appropriate until updating suspended assigned entry inserted sectors list display sector pvdmdm mldi used filed true airspeed less equal freeze speed parameters fspd",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/metering/",
      "title": "Metering",
      "text": "method time regulating arrival traffic flow terminal area exceed predetermined acceptance rate",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/metering-airports/",
      "title": "Metering Airports",
      "text": "airports adapted metering which optimum flight paths are defined maximum 15 may",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/metering-fix/",
      "title": "Metering Fix",
      "text": "fix along established route which aircraft metered prior entering terminal airspace normally distance airport facilitate profile descent 10000 feet elevation aae",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/metering-position-list/",
      "title": "Metering Position List",
      "text": "ordered list data arrivals selected metering airport displayed position pvdmdm",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/metering-positions/",
      "title": "Metering Position(s)",
      "text": "adapted pvdsmdms associated d positions eligible display metering position list maximum four may",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/mhz/",
      "title": "MHz",
      "text": "megahertz",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/micro-en-route-automated-radar-tracking-system-mearts/",
      "title": "Micro-En Route Automated Radar Tracking System (MEARTS)",
      "text": "automated radar beacon tracking system capable employing short range asr long arsr radars microcomputer driven provides improved continuous data recording use full digital displays",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/microburst/",
      "title": "Microburst",
      "text": "small downburst outbursts damaging winds extending 25 miles less spite its horizontal scale intense microburst could induce wind speeds high 150 knots",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/microburts/",
      "title": "Microburts",
      "text": "strong downdraft which normally occurs horizontal distances nm less vertical 1000 feet spite its small scale intense microburst could induce windspeeds greater 100 knots downdrafts 6000 per minute",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/microwave-landing-system-mls/",
      "title": "Microwave landing system (MLS)",
      "text": "precision instrument approach system operating microwave spectrum which normally consists azimuth station elevation distance measuring equipment",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/middle-compass-locator/",
      "title": "Middle Compass Locator",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/middle-marker-mm/",
      "title": "Middle Marker (MM)",
      "text": "marker beacon that defines point along glideslope ils normally located near decision height category keyed transmit alternate dots dashes rate 95 dotdash combinations per minute 1300 hz tone which received aurally visually by compatible airborne equipment",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/mileage-breakdown/",
      "title": "Mileage breakdown",
      "text": "fix indicating course change that appears chart x break two segments federal airway",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/miles-in-trail/",
      "title": "Miles-in-trail",
      "text": "specified distance aircraft normally stratum associated destination route flight",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/military-authority-assumes-responsibility-for-separation-of-aircraft-marsa/",
      "title": "Military Authority Assumes Responsibility For Separation Of Aircraft (MARSA)",
      "text": "condition whereby military services involved assume responsibility separation participating aircraft atc system used required ifr operations which are specified letters agreement appropriate faa documents",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/military-landing-zone/",
      "title": "Military Landing Zone",
      "text": "landing strip used exclusively by military training zone does carry runway designation",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/military-operations-area-moa/",
      "title": "Military operations area (MOA)",
      "text": "airspace established purpose separating certain military training activities ifr traffic",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/military-operations-area/",
      "title": "Military operations area.",
      "text": "military operations area moa airspace established outside class separate segregate certain nonhazardous activities ifr traffic identify vfr theses are conducted",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/military-training-routes-mtr/",
      "title": "Military Training Routes (MTR)",
      "text": "airspace defined vertical lateral dimensions established conduct military flight training airspeeds excess 250 knots ias",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/minima/",
      "title": "Minima",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/minimum-altitude/",
      "title": "Minimum altitude",
      "text": "altitude depicted instrument approach chart value underscored aircraft are required maintain",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/minimum-control-airspeed-vmc/",
      "title": "Minimum Control Airspeed (VMC)",
      "text": "minimum control airspeed flight speed which light twin engine airplane satisfactorily controlled suddenly becomes inoperative remaining takeoff power",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/minimum-crossing-altitude-mca/",
      "title": "Minimum Crossing Altitude (MCA)",
      "text": "lowest altitude certain fixes which aircraft must cross proceeding direction higher minimum en route ifr mea",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/minimum-descent-altitude-mda/",
      "title": "Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA)",
      "text": "lowest altitude specified instrument approach procedure expressed feet mean sea level which descent authorized final circle land maneuvering until pilot sees required visual references heliport runway intended landing far definition execution standard electronic glideslope provided pcg",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/minimum-drag/",
      "title": "Minimum drag",
      "text": "point total drag curve lift ratio greatest speed minimized",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/minimum-en-route-altitude-mea/",
      "title": "Minimum en route altitude (MEA)",
      "text": "lowest published altitude radio fixes that ensures acceptable navigational signal coverage meets obstacle clearance requirements",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/minimum-en-route-ifr-altitude-mea/",
      "title": "Minimum En Route IFR ALTITUDE (MEA)",
      "text": "lowest published altitude radio fixes which assures acceptable navigational signal coverage meets obstacle clearance requirements mea prescribed federal airway segment thereof area navigation low high route direct applies entire width defining",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/minimum-equipment-list-mel/",
      "title": "Minimum equipment list (MEL)",
      "text": "list developed larger aircraft that outlines equipment inoperative various types flight including ifr icing conditions based master minimum mmel by faa must approved use specific individual make model",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/minimum-friction-level/",
      "title": "Minimum Friction Level",
      "text": "friction level specified ac 1505320 12 measurement construction maintenance skid resistant airport pavement surfaces that represents minimum recommended wet surface value turbojet aircraft engaged lahso vary particular equipment used",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/minimum-fuel/",
      "title": "MINIMUM FUEL",
      "text": "indicates that aircrafts fuel supply reached state upon reaching destination accept little delay emergency situation merely possible undue occur",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/minimum-holding-altitude-mha/",
      "title": "Minimum Holding Altitude (mha)",
      "text": "lowest altitude prescribed holding pattern which assures navigational signal coverage communications meets obstacle clearance requirements",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/minimum-ifr-altitudes-mia/",
      "title": "Minimum IFR Altitudes (MIA)",
      "text": "minimum altitudes ifr operations prescribed 14 cfr part 91 these are published aeronautical charts 95 airways routes 97 standard instrument approach procedures applicable altitude following applies designated mountainous areas 2000 feet highest obstacle within horizontal distance nautical miles course flown 1000 otherwise authorized by administrator assigned atc",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/minimum-obstruction-clearance-altitude-moca/",
      "title": "Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude (MOCA)",
      "text": "lowest published altitude effect radio fixes vor airways airway routes route segments which meets obstacle clearance requirements entire segment assures acceptable navigational signal coverage within 25 statute 22 nautical miles",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/minimum-reception-altitude-mra/",
      "title": "Minimum Reception Altitude (MRA)",
      "text": "lowest altitude which airway intersection determined",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/minimum-safe-altitude-msa/",
      "title": "Minimum Safe Altitude (MSA)",
      "text": "minimum altitude specified 14 cfr part 91 various aircraft operations altitudes depicted approach charts which provide least 1000 feet obstacle clearance emergency use these identified safe are established follows msa within 25 mile radius navigation facility waypoint airport reference point upon predicated msas necessarily assure acceptable navigational signal coverage see icao term sector esa nonmountainous areas 2000 designated mountainous 100 used center normally military procedures published",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/minimum-safe-altitude-warning-msaw/",
      "title": "Minimum Safe Altitude Warning (MSAW)",
      "text": "function arts iii computer that aids controller by alerting himher tracked mode c equipped aircraft predicted go predetermined minimum safe altitude",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/minimum-sector-altitude-[icao]/",
      "title": "Minimum Sector Altitude [ICAO]",
      "text": "lowest altitude which may used emergency conditions provide minimum clearance 300 m 1000 feet obstacles located area contained within sector circle 46 km 25 nm radius centered radio aid navigation",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/minimum-turning-altitude-mta/",
      "title": "Minimum Turning Altitude (MTA)",
      "text": "minimum turning altitude mta charted providing vertical lateral obstruction clearance based turn criteria certain fixes navaids waypoints route segments vhf airway terminates navaid fix primary area extends beyond that termination point change course airways routes necessary enroute obstacle secondary areas accommodate radius aircraft since turns passage may exceed boundaries pilots are expected adhere protected airspace by leading early provides anticipation prior flyover protection crossing requiring higher flag along accompanying text describing restriction",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/minimum-unstick-speed-vmu/",
      "title": "Minimum Unstick Speed (VMU)",
      "text": "minimum unstick speed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/minimum-vectoring-altitude-mva/",
      "title": "Minimum Vectoring Altitude (MVA)",
      "text": "lowest msl altitude which ifr aircraft vectored by radar controller except otherwise authorized approaches departures missed meets obstacle clearance criteria may lower published mea along airway j route segment utilized vectoring upon controllers determination that adequate return being received controlled charts depicting minimum altitudes are normally available pilots",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/minimums/",
      "title": "Minimums",
      "text": "weather condition requirements established particular operation type eg ifr takeoff landing alternate airport flight plans vfr etc",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/minimums-section/",
      "title": "Minimums section",
      "text": "area iap chart that displays lowest altitude visibility requirements approach",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/minor-alteration/",
      "title": "Minor alteration",
      "text": "alteration major",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/minor-repair/",
      "title": "Minor repair",
      "text": "repair major",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/minutes-in-trail/",
      "title": "Minutes-in-Trail",
      "text": "specified interval aircraft expressed time method would likely utilized regardless altitude",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/missed-approach/",
      "title": "Missed Approach",
      "text": "maneuver conducted by pilot instrument approach cannot completed landing route flight altitude are shown procedure charts executing missed prior point map must continue along final term used inform atc that heshe locations radar service provided conform vectors lieu published",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/missed-approach-point-map/",
      "title": "Missed Approach Point (MAP)",
      "text": "point prescribed instrument approach procedure which missed shall executed required visual reference does exist",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/missed-approach-procedure-[icao]/",
      "title": "Missed Approach Procedure [ICAO]",
      "text": "procedure followed approach cannot continued",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/missed-approach-segment/",
      "title": "Missed Approach Segment",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/mixed-ice/",
      "title": "Mixed ice",
      "text": "mixture clear ice rime",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/mm/",
      "title": "MM",
      "text": "ils middle marker",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/moca/",
      "title": "MOCA",
      "text": "minimum obstruction clearance altitude",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/mode/",
      "title": "Mode",
      "text": "letter number assigned specific pulse spacing radio signals transmitted received by ground interrogator airborne transponder components air traffic control radar beacon system atcrbs mode military c altitude reporting are used",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/mode-ssr-mode-[icao]/",
      "title": "Mode (SSR MODE) [ICAO]",
      "text": "letter number assigned specific pulse spacing interrogation signals transmitted by interrogator are modes b c d specified annex 10 corresponding four different spacings",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/mode-c/",
      "title": "Mode C",
      "text": "altitude reporting transponder mode",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/mode-c-intruder-alert/",
      "title": "Mode C Intruder Alert",
      "text": "function certain air traffic control automated systems designed alert radar controllers existing pending situations tracked target known ifr vfr aircraft untracked unknown that requires immediate attentionaction",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/model-aircraft/",
      "title": "Model Aircraft",
      "text": "unmanned aircraft that capable sustained flight atmosphere flown within visual line sight person operating hobby recreational purposes",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/moment/",
      "title": "Moment",
      "text": "product weight item multiplied by its arm moments are expressed pound inches lb total moment airplane distance datum cg",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/moment-arm/",
      "title": "Moment arm",
      "text": "distance datum applied force",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/moment-index-or-index/",
      "title": "Moment index (or index)",
      "text": "moment divided by constant 100 1000 10000 purpose using index simplify weight balance computations airplanes heavy items long arms result large unmanageable numbers",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/monitor/",
      "title": "Monitor",
      "text": "used communication transfer listen specific frequency stand by instructions normal circumstances establish communications",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/monitor-alert-ma/",
      "title": "Monitor Alert (MA)",
      "text": "function tfms that provides traffic management personnel tool predicting potential capacity problems individual operational sectors ma indication need analyze particular sector actual activity determine required actions needed control demand",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/monitor-alert-parameter-map/",
      "title": "Monitor Alert Parameter (MAP)",
      "text": "number designated use monitor alert processing by tfms map operational sector increments 15 minutes",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/monocoque/",
      "title": "Monocoque",
      "text": "shell like fuselage design which stressed outer skin used support majority imposed stresses monocoque may include bulkheads stringers",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/monoplanes/",
      "title": "Monoplanes",
      "text": "airplanes single set wings",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/mosaic-multi-sensor-mode/",
      "title": "Mosaic/Multi-Sensor Mode",
      "text": "accepts positional data multiple approved surveillance sources targets are displayed single source according hierarchy assigned given geographic area",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/mountain-wave/",
      "title": "Mountain Wave",
      "text": "mountain waves occur air being blown range even ridge sharp bluff area hits upwind side starts climb thus creating what generally smooth updraft which turns turbulent downdraft passes crest cause significant fluctuations airspeed altitude associated turbulence",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/movable-slat/",
      "title": "Movable slat",
      "text": "movable auxiliary airfoil leading edge wing closed normal flight extends high angles attack allows air continue flowing top delays airflow separation",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/movement-area/",
      "title": "Movement Area",
      "text": "runways taxiways areas airportheliport which are utilized taxiinghover taxiing air takeoff landing aircraft exclusive loading ramps parking airportsheliports tower specific approval entry onto movement area must obtained atc",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/movement-area-[icao]/",
      "title": "Movement Area [ICAO]",
      "text": "that part aerodrome used takeoff landing taxiing aircraft consisting maneuvering area aprons",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/moving-target-indicator-mti/",
      "title": "Moving Target Indicator (MTI)",
      "text": "electronic device which permit radar scope presentation targets are motion partial remedy ground clutter",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/multi-function-display-mfd/",
      "title": "Multi-function display (MFD)",
      "text": "small screen crt lcd aircraft that used display information pilot numerous configurable ways often mfd concert primary flight",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/multicom/",
      "title": "MULTICOM",
      "text": "mobile service open public correspondence used provide communications essential conduct activities being performed by directed private aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/multiple-runways/",
      "title": "Multiple Runways",
      "text": "utilization dedicated arrival runways departures departure arrivals feasible reduce delays enhance capacity",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/n1/",
      "title": "N1",
      "text": "rotational speed low pressure compressor turbine engine",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/n2/",
      "title": "N2",
      "text": "rotational speed high pressure compressor turbine engine",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/nacelle/",
      "title": "Nacelle",
      "text": "streamlined enclosure aircraft which engine mounted multiengine propeller driven airplanes nacelle normally leading edge wing",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/national-aeronautical-charting-group-nacg/",
      "title": "National Aeronautical Charting Group (NACG)",
      "text": "federal agency operating faa responsible publishing charts terminal procedures en route",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/national-airspace-system-nas/",
      "title": "National Airspace System (NAS)",
      "text": "common network us airspace air navigation facilities equipment services airports landing areas aeronautical charts information rules regulations procedures technical manpower material included are system components shared jointly military",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/national-beacon-code-allocation-plan-airspace-nbcap/",
      "title": "National Beacon Code Allocation Plan Airspace (NBCAP)",
      "text": "airspace united states territory located within north american continent canada mexico including adjacent territorial waters outward boundaries oceanic control areas ctaflight information regions fir",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/national-defense-airspace/",
      "title": "National defense airspace",
      "text": "airspace established by regulation prescribed order issued 49 usc 40103b3",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/national-flight-data-center-nfdc/",
      "title": "National Flight Data Center (NFDC)",
      "text": "facility washington dc established by faa operate central aeronautical information service collection validation dissemination data support activities government industry aviation community published national flight digest",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/national-flight-data-digest-nfdd/",
      "title": "National Flight Data Digest (NFDD)",
      "text": "daily except weekends federal holidays publication flight information appropriate aeronautical charts publications notices airmen media serving purpose providing operational data essential safe efficient aircraft operations",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/national-route-program-nrp/",
      "title": "National Route Program (NRP)",
      "text": "set rules procedures designed increase flexibility user flight planning within published guidelines",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/national-search-and-rescue-plan/",
      "title": "National Search And Rescue Plan",
      "text": "interagency agreement which provides effective utilization available facilities types search rescue missions",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/national-security-area-nsa/",
      "title": "National Security Area (NSA)",
      "text": "areas consisting airspace defined vertical lateral dimensions established locations requirement increased security safety ground facilities pilots are requested voluntarily avoid flying depicted nsa necessary provide greater level flight nsas may temporarily prohibited regulatory prohibitions disseminated via notams",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/national-transportation-safety-board-ntsb/",
      "title": "National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)",
      "text": "united states government independent organization responsible investigations accidents involving aviation highways waterways pipelines railroads ntsb charged by congress investigate every civil accident",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/nav-com/",
      "title": "NAV/COM",
      "text": "navigation communication radio",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/navaid/",
      "title": "NAVAID",
      "text": "navigational aid",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/navaid-classes/",
      "title": "NAVAID Classes",
      "text": "vor vortac tacan aids are classed according their operational use three classes navaids terminal l low altitude h high note normal service range class found aim certain requirements make necessary these greater ranges specified extended made possible flight inspection determinations also have lesser due location terrain frequency protection etc restrictions listed chart supplement us",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/navigable-airspace/",
      "title": "Navigable airspace",
      "text": "airspace minimum flight altitudes prescribed by chapter including needed safe takeoff landing",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/navigation-reference-system-nrs/",
      "title": "Navigation Reference System (NRS)",
      "text": "nrs system waypoints developed use within united states flight planning navigation reference ground based navigational aids are located grid pattern along defined latitude longitude lines initial high altitude environment conjunction redesign initiative intended by aircraft capable point",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/navigation-specification-navspec-[icao]/",
      "title": "Navigation Specification (NAVSPEC) [ICAO]",
      "text": "set aircraft flight crew requirements needed support performance based navigation operations within defined airspace are two kinds specifications rnp specification area that includes requirement monitoring alerting designated by prefix eg apch rnav does include alert ing note manual doc 9613 volume ii contains detailed guidance",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/navigational-aid-navaid/",
      "title": "Navigational Aid (NAVAID)",
      "text": "visual electronic device airborne surface which provides point guidance information position data aircraft flight",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/nbcap-airspace/",
      "title": "NBCAP Airspace",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/negative/",
      "title": "NEGATIVE",
      "text": "permission granted that correct",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/negative-contact/",
      "title": "NEGATIVE CONTACT",
      "text": "used by pilots inform atc that previously issued traffic sight may followed request controller provide assistance avoiding they were unable contact particular frequency",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/negative-static-stability/",
      "title": "Negative static stability",
      "text": "initial tendency aircraft continue away original state equilibrium being disturbed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/neutral-static-stability/",
      "title": "Neutral static stability",
      "text": "initial tendency aircraft remain new condition its equilibrium been disturbed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/never-exceed-speed-vne/",
      "title": "Never-Exceed Speed (VNE)",
      "text": "never exceed speed operating prohibited since may result damage structural failure red line airspeed indicator",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/night/",
      "title": "Night",
      "text": "time end evening civil twilight beginning morning published american air almanac converted local",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/night-[icao]/",
      "title": "Night [ICAO]",
      "text": "hours end evening civil twilight beginning morning period sunset sunrise may specified by appropriate authority note ends center suns disk degrees horizon begins",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/nm/",
      "title": "NM",
      "text": "nautical mile",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/no-gyro-approach/",
      "title": "No Gyro Approach",
      "text": "radar approachvector provided case malfunctioning gyro compass directional instead providing pilot headings flown controller observes track issues control instructions turn rightleft stop appropriate",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/no-gyro-vector/",
      "title": "No Gyro Vector",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/no-procedure-turn-nopt/",
      "title": "No procedure turn (NoPT)",
      "text": "term used appropriate course altitude denote that procedure turn required",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/no-transgression-zone-ntz/",
      "title": "No Transgression Zone (NTZ)",
      "text": "ntz 2000 foot wide zone located equidistant parallel runway soia final approach courses which flight normally allowed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/noaa/",
      "title": "NOAA",
      "text": "national oceanic atmospheric administration",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/non-cooperative-surveillance/",
      "title": "Non-cooperative Surveillance",
      "text": "surveillance system primary radar that dependent upon presence equipment aircraft vehicle tracked",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/non-restrictive-routing-nrr/",
      "title": "Non-restrictive Routing (NRR)",
      "text": "portions proposed route flight user plan advantageous path requirement make reference ground based navaids",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/nonapproach-control-tower/",
      "title": "Nonapproach Control Tower",
      "text": "authorizes aircraft land takeoff airport controlled by tower transit class d airspace primary function nonapproach control sequencing traffic pattern landing area towers also separate operating instrument flight rules clearances approach controls centers they provide ground services vehicles personnel equipment movement",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/noncommon-carriage/",
      "title": "Noncommon carriage",
      "text": "aircraft operation compensation hire that does involve holding others",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/noncommon-route-portion/",
      "title": "Noncommon Route/portion",
      "text": "that segment north american route inland navigation facility designated terminal",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/nondirectional-beacon-ndb/",
      "title": "Nondirectional Beacon (NDB)",
      "text": "lmf uhf radio beacon transmitting nondirectional signals whereby pilot aircraft equipped direction finding equipment determine hisher bearing home track station installed conjunction instrument landing system marker normally called compass locator",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/nondirectional-radio-beacon-ndb/",
      "title": "Nondirectional radio beacon (NDB)",
      "text": "ground based radio transmitter that transmits energy directions",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/nonmovement-areas/",
      "title": "Nonmovement Areas",
      "text": "taxiways apron ramp areas control air traffic",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/nonprecision-approach/",
      "title": "Nonprecision approach",
      "text": "standard instrument approach procedure which horizontal guidance provided",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/nonprecision-approach-procedure/",
      "title": "Nonprecision Approach Procedure",
      "text": "standard instrument approach procedure which electronic glideslope provided eg vor tacan ndb loc asr lda sdf approaches",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/nonradar/",
      "title": "NONRADAR",
      "text": "precedes terms generally means use radar nonradar approach used describe instrument approaches which course guidance final provided by ground based precision surveillance vectors may atc examples are vor ndb tacan ils rnav gls see ifr procedure control facility providing service arrival aircraft arriving airport served contact been established terminated due lack route flight path pilot performing hisher navigation receiving separation monitoring services while spacing accordance minima eg vertical lateral longitudinal",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/nopac/",
      "title": "NOPAC",
      "text": "north pacific area operation",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/nopt/",
      "title": "NOPT",
      "text": "procedure turn required",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/nordo-no-radio/",
      "title": "NORDO (No Radio)",
      "text": "aircraft that cannot communicate by radio communication required are referred nordo",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/normal-operating-zone-noz/",
      "title": "Normal Operating Zone (NOZ)",
      "text": "noz operating zone within which aircraft flight remains normal independent simultaneous parallel ils approaches",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/north-american-route/",
      "title": "North American Route",
      "text": "numerically coded route preplanned existing airway systems specific coastal fixes serving north atlantic american routes consist following common routeportion that segment inland navigation facility fix noncommon designated terminal aid which andor begins ends intersection aircraft transitions domestic structure oceanic",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/north-american-route-program-nrp/",
      "title": "North American Route Program (NRP)",
      "text": "nrp set rules procedures which are designed increase flexibility user flight planning within published guidelines",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/north-atlantic-high-level-airspace-nat-hla/",
      "title": "North Atlantic High Level Airspace (NAT HLA)",
      "text": "that volume airspace defined icao document 7030 fl 285 420 within oceanic control areas bodo gander new york east reykjavik santa maria shanwick excluding shannon brest ocean transition doc 007 north atlantic operations manual provides detailed information related aircraft operational requirements",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/north-mark/",
      "title": "North Mark",
      "text": "beacon data block sent by host computer displayed arts 360 degree bearing locally selected radar azimuth distance north mark used ensure correct rangeazimuth orientation periods cenrap",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/north-pacific-nopac/",
      "title": "North Pacific (NOPAC)",
      "text": "organized route system alaskan west coast japan",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/not-standard/",
      "title": "Not Standard",
      "text": "varying what expected published use notams",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/not-std/",
      "title": "Not STD",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/notam-[icao]/",
      "title": "NOTAM [ICAO]",
      "text": "notice containing information concerning establishment condition change aeronautical facility service procedure hazard timely knowledge which essential personnel concerned flight operations distribution by means telecommunication ii telecommunications",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/notamd/",
      "title": "NOTAM(D)",
      "text": "notam given addition local dissemination distant beyond area responsibility flight service station these notams stored available until canceled c fdc regulatory nature transmitted by usnof system wide",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/notice-to-air-missions-notam/",
      "title": "Notice To Air Missions (NOTAM)",
      "text": "formerly notice airmen containing information known sufficiently advance publicize by means concerning establishment condition change component facility service procedure hazard national airspace system timely knowledge which essential personnel concerned flight operations",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/notices-to-airmen-publication-notams/",
      "title": "Notices To Airmen Publication (NOTAMs)",
      "text": "publication issued every 28 days designed primarily pilot which contains notams graphic notices information considered essential safety flight well supplemental data aeronautical publications contraction ntap used notam text",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/numerous-targets-vicinity-location/",
      "title": "Numerous Targets Vicinity (location)",
      "text": "traffic advisory issued by atc advise pilots that targets radar scope are numerous issue individually",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/nws/",
      "title": "NWS",
      "text": "national weather service",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/obstacle/",
      "title": "Obstacle",
      "text": "existing object natural growth terrain fixed geographical location which may expected within prescribed area reference vertical clearance must provided flight operation",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/obstacle-departure-procedure-odp/",
      "title": "Obstacle Departure Procedure (ODP)",
      "text": "preplanned instrument flight rule ifr departure procedure printed pilot use textual graphic form provide obstruction clearance via least onerous route terminal area appropriate en structure odps are recommended may flown atc unless alternate sid radar vector been specifically assigned by",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/obstacle-departure-procedures-odp/",
      "title": "Obstacle departure procedures (ODP)",
      "text": "preplanned instrument flight rule ifr departure procedure printed pilot use textual graphic form provide obstruction clearance via least onerous route terminal area appropriate en structure odps are recommended may flown atc unless alternate sid radar vector been specifically assigned by",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/obstacle-free-zone/",
      "title": "Obstacle Free Zone",
      "text": "ofz three dimensional volume airspace which protects transition aircraft runway clearing standard precludes taxiing parked airplanes object penetrations except frangible navaid locations that are fixed by function additionally vehicles equipment personnel may authorized air traffic control enter area using provisions faa order jo 711065 paragraph vehiclesequipmentpersonnal nearon runways applicable inner approach transitional comprise defined centered surface whose elevation point nearest centerline extends 200 feet beyond end width follows serving large greater 400 180 plus wingspan demanding airplane 20 per 1000 airport small 300 precision instrument 250 speeds 50 knots 120 less applies lighting system begins threshold last light unit rises slope horizontal vertical beginning along sides slopes edges height 150 established",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/obstruction/",
      "title": "Obstruction",
      "text": "objectobstacle exceeding obstruction standards specified by 14 cfr part 77 subpart c",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/obstruction-light/",
      "title": "Obstruction Light",
      "text": "light one group lights usually red white frequently mounted surface structure natural terrain warn pilots presence obstruction",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/obstruction-lights/",
      "title": "Obstruction lights",
      "text": "lights that found airport identify obstructions",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/occluded-front/",
      "title": "Occluded front",
      "text": "frontal occlusion occurs fast moving cold front catches slow warm difference temperature within system major factor determining whether",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/oceanic-airspace/",
      "title": "Oceanic Airspace",
      "text": "airspace oceans world considered international oceanic separation procedures per civil aviation organization are applied responsibility provisions air traffic control service delegated various countries based generally upon geographic proximity availability required resources",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/oceanic-error-report/",
      "title": "Oceanic Error Report",
      "text": "report filed atc observes oceanic error defined by faa order 711082 reporting errors",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/oceanic-published-route/",
      "title": "Oceanic Published Route",
      "text": "route established international airspace charted described flight information publications charts dod en chart supplements notams track messages",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/oceanic-transition-route-otr/",
      "title": "Oceanic Transition Route (OTR)",
      "text": "ats route established purpose transitioning aircraft tofrom organized track system",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/oei/",
      "title": "OEI",
      "text": "one engine inoperative",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/off-course/",
      "title": "Off Course",
      "text": "term used describe situation aircraft reported position fix observed radar point atc approved route flight",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/off-route-obstruction-clearance-altitude-oroca/",
      "title": "Off-Route Obstruction Clearance Altitude (OROCA)",
      "text": "route altitude which provides obstruction clearance 1000 foot buffer non mountainous terrain areas 2000 designated within united states may provide signal coverage ground based navigational aids air traffic control radar communications",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/off-route-vector/",
      "title": "Off-Route Vector",
      "text": "vector by atc which takes aircraft previously assigned route altitudes vectors provide required obstacle clearance",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/offset-parallel-runways/",
      "title": "Offset Parallel Runways",
      "text": "staggered runways having centerlines which are parallel",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/offshore-control-airspace-area/",
      "title": "Offshore/Control Airspace Area",
      "text": "that portion airspace us 12 nm limit oceanic ctafir boundary within which air traffic control exercised these areas are established provide services offshorecontrol may classified either class e",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/om/",
      "title": "OM",
      "text": "ils outer marker",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/omission-error/",
      "title": "Omission error",
      "text": "failure anticipate significant instrument indications following attitude changes example concentrating pitch control while forgetting heading roll information resulting erratic bank",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/on-course/",
      "title": "On Course",
      "text": "used indicate that aircraft established route centerline by atc advise pilot making radar approach hisher lined final course",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/on-course-indication/",
      "title": "On-Course Indication",
      "text": "indication instrument which provides pilot visual means determining that aircraft located centerline given navigational track radar scope",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/on-demand-operation/",
      "title": "On-demand operation",
      "text": "passenger carrying operations conducted public charter part 380 chapter which departure time location arrival are specifically negotiated customer customers representative scheduled operation one following types aircraft frequency less five round trips per week least route two points according published flight schedules cargo airplanes having payload capacity 7500 pounds rotorcraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/one-minute-weather/",
      "title": "One-Minute Weather",
      "text": "recent one minute updated weather broadcast received by pilot uncontrolled airport asosawos",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/onserviceable-u-s/",
      "title": "Onserviceable (U/S)",
      "text": "pcg",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/operate/",
      "title": "Operate",
      "text": "respect aircraft means use cause authorize purpose except provided 9113 chapter air navigation including piloting right legal control owner lessee otherwise",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/operational/",
      "title": "Operational",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/operational-control/",
      "title": "Operational control",
      "text": "respect flight means exercise authority initiating conducting terminating",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/operations-over-people-oop/",
      "title": "Operations Over People (OOP)",
      "text": "operations small unmanned aircraft people",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/operations-specifications-opspecs-[icao]/",
      "title": "Operations Specifications (OPSPECS) [ICAO]",
      "text": "authorizations conditions limitations associated air operator certificate subject operations manual",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/operator-unmanned-aircraft-system-uas/",
      "title": "Operator - Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS)",
      "text": "owner andor remote pilot uas",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/opposite-direction-aircraft/",
      "title": "Opposite Direction Aircraft",
      "text": "aircraft are operating opposite directions they following track reciprocal their tracks parallel flying intersect angle 135",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/opspecs/",
      "title": "OPSPECS",
      "text": "operations specifications",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/option-approach/",
      "title": "Option Approach",
      "text": "approach requested conducted by pilot which result either touch go missed low stop full landing pilots advise atc they decide remain runway delay their clearing are unable comply instructions",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/organized-track-system-ots/",
      "title": "Organized Track System (OTS)",
      "text": "series ats routes which are fixed charted ie cep nopac flexible described by notam nat track message",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/orientation/",
      "title": "Orientation",
      "text": "awareness position aircraft oneself relation specific reference point",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/otolith-organ/",
      "title": "Otolith organ",
      "text": "inner ear organ that detects linear acceleration gravity orientation",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/out/",
      "title": "OUT",
      "text": "conversation ended response expected",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/out-of-service-unserviceable-u/s/",
      "title": "Out Of Service/Unserviceable (U/S)",
      "text": "piece equipment navaid facility service operational certified required immediately available air traffic public use",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/outer-area/",
      "title": "Outer Area",
      "text": "non regulatory airspace surrounding designated class c airports wherein atc provides radar vectoring sequencing full time basis ifr participating vfr aircraft service provided outer area called which includes ifrifr separation ifrvfr traffic advisories conflict resolution vfrvfr appropriate safety alerts normal radius 20 nautical miles variations based site specific requirements extends outward primary airport lower limits radarradio coverage ceiling approach controls delegated excluding charted",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/outer-compass-locator/",
      "title": "Outer Compass Locator",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/outer-fix/",
      "title": "Outer Fix",
      "text": "general term used within atc describe fixes terminal area final approach fix aircraft are normally cleared these by air route traffic control center facility course adapted along converted flight prior meter which crossing times calculated displayed metering position list",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/outer-fix-arc/",
      "title": "Outer Fix Arc",
      "text": "semicircle usually 50 70 mile radius meter fix high altitude which used by ctaseram calculate outer times determine appropriate sector list assignments aircraft established arrival route that traverse arc",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/outer-fix-time-oft/",
      "title": "Outer Fix Time (OFT)",
      "text": "calculated time depart outer fix order cross vertex aclt reflects descent speed adjustments applicable delay that must absorbed prior crossing meter",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/outer-marker-om/",
      "title": "Outer Marker (OM)",
      "text": "marker beacon near glideslope intercept altitude ils approach keyed transmit two dashes per second 400 hz tone which received aurally visually by compatible airborne equipment om normally located four seven miles runway threshold extended centerline",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/outside-air-temperature-oat/",
      "title": "Outside air temperature (OAT)",
      "text": "measured indicated air temperature iat corrected compression friction heating also referred true",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/over/",
      "title": "OVER",
      "text": "transmission ended expect response",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/over-the-top/",
      "title": "Over-the-top",
      "text": "layer clouds obscuring phenomena forming ceiling",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/overcontrolling/",
      "title": "Overcontrolling",
      "text": "using movement control column necessary achieve desired pitch bank conditionoverboost condition which reciprocating engine exceeded maximum manifold pressure allowed by manufacturer cause damage components",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/overhead-maneuver/",
      "title": "Overhead Maneuver",
      "text": "series predetermined maneuvers prescribed aircraft often formation entry visual flight rules vfr traffic pattern proceed landing overhead maneuver instrument ifr approach procedure executing considered plan canceled reaches initial point portion usually specifies following radio contact required pilot speed maintained miles length elliptical consisting two 180 degree turns break which first turn started direction altitude least 500 feet conventional roll final less 14 mile threshold 300 ground",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/overlying-center/",
      "title": "Overlying Center",
      "text": "artcc facility that responsible arrivaldeparture operations specific terminal",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/overpower/",
      "title": "Overpower",
      "text": "use power required purpose achieving faster rate airspeed change",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/overseas-air-commerce/",
      "title": "Overseas air commerce",
      "text": "carriage by aircraft persons property compensation hire mail operation navigation conduct furtherance business vocation commerce place state united states district columbia territory possession",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/overseas-air-transportation/",
      "title": "Overseas air transportation",
      "text": "carriage by aircraft persons property common carrier compensation hire mail commerce place state district columbia possession united states another whether that moves wholly partly forms transportation",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/p-time/",
      "title": "P Time",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/p-acp/",
      "title": "P-ACP",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/p-factor/",
      "title": "P-factor",
      "text": "tendency aircraft yaw left due descending propeller blade right producing thrust ascending occurs aircrafts longitudinal axis climbing attitude relation relative wind p factor would had counterclockwise rotating",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/pacots/",
      "title": "PACOTS",
      "text": "pacific organized track system",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/pan-pan/",
      "title": "PAN-PAN",
      "text": "international radio telephony urgency signal repeated three times indicates uncertainty alert followed by nature",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/par/",
      "title": "PAR",
      "text": "precision approach radar",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/parachute/",
      "title": "Parachute",
      "text": "device used intended retard fall body object air",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/parallel-ils-approaches/",
      "title": "Parallel ILS Approaches",
      "text": "approaches parallel runways by ifr aircraft which established inbound toward airport adjacent final approach courses are radar separated least miles",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/parallel-offset-route/",
      "title": "Parallel Offset Route",
      "text": "parallel track left right designated established airwayroute normally associated area navigation rnav operations",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/parallel-runways/",
      "title": "Parallel Runways",
      "text": "two runways airport whose centerlines are parallel addition runway number designated l left r right three exist c center",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/parallels/",
      "title": "Parallels",
      "text": "lines latitude",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/parasite-drag/",
      "title": "Parasite drag",
      "text": "drag caused by friction air moving aircraft structure its amount varies directly airspeed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/passenger-carrying-operation/",
      "title": "Passenger-carrying operation",
      "text": "aircraft operation carrying person unless persons are identified 121583a 13585 chapter applicable used passenger may also carry cargo mail addition passengers",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/payload-gama/",
      "title": "Payload (GAMA)",
      "text": "weight occupants cargo baggage",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/performance-based-navigation-pbn-[icao]/",
      "title": "Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) [ICAO]",
      "text": "area navigation based performance requirements aircraft operating along ats route instrument approach procedure designated airspace note are expressed specifications rnav specification rnp terms accuracy integrity continuity availability functionality needed proposed operation context particular concept",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/permanent-echo/",
      "title": "Permanent Echo",
      "text": "radar signals reflected fixed objects earths surface eg buildings towers terrain permanent echoes are distinguished ground clutter by being definable locations rather large areas certain conditions they may used check alignment",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/person/",
      "title": "Person",
      "text": "individual firm partnership corporation company association joint stock governmental entity includes trustee receiver assignee similar representative",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/personality/",
      "title": "Personality",
      "text": "embodiment personal traits characteristics individual that are set early age extremely resistant change",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/photo-reconnaissance/",
      "title": "Photo Reconnaissance",
      "text": "military activity that requires locating individual photo targets navigating preplanned angle altitude normally lateral route width 16 nm range 1500 feet 10000 agl",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/phugoid-oscillations/",
      "title": "Phugoid oscillations",
      "text": "long period oscillations aircraft around its lateral axis slow change pitch accompanied by equally changes airspeed angle attack remains constant pilot often corrects phugoid even being aware",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/pilot-briefing/",
      "title": "Pilot Briefing",
      "text": "service provided by fss assist pilots flight planning briefing items may include weather information notams military activities flow control requested",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/pilot-in-command-pic/",
      "title": "Pilot In Command (PIC)",
      "text": "person who final authority responsibility operation safety flight been designated pilot command holds appropriate category class type rating conduct",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/pilot-report-pirep/",
      "title": "Pilot Report (PIREP)",
      "text": "report meteorological phenomena encountered by aircraftpilots operating handbookairplane flight manual pohafm faa approved documents published airframe manufacturer that list conditions particular model aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/pilot-weather-report-pirep/",
      "title": "Pilot Weather Report (PIREP)",
      "text": "report meteorological phenomena encountered by aircraft flight",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/pilots-discretion/",
      "title": "Pilot's Discretion",
      "text": "used conjunction altitude assignments means that atc offered pilot option starting climb descent whenever heshe wishes conducting rate may temporarily level intermediate however vacated return",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/pilotage/",
      "title": "Pilotage",
      "text": "navigation by visual reference landmarks",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/pitch-point/",
      "title": "Pitch Point",
      "text": "fixwaypoint that serves transition point departure procedure low altitude ground based navigation structure high waypoint system",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/pitch-setting/",
      "title": "Pitch setting",
      "text": "propeller blade setting determined by angle measured manner radius specified instruction manual",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/pitot-pressure/",
      "title": "Pitot pressure",
      "text": "ram air pressure used measure airspeed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/pitot-static-head/",
      "title": "Pitot-static head",
      "text": "combination pickup used sample pitot pressure static air",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/plan-view/",
      "title": "Plan view",
      "text": "overhead view approach procedure instrument chart plan depicts routes that guide pilot en route segments iaf",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/planform/",
      "title": "Planform",
      "text": "shape form wing viewed may long tapered short rectangular various shapes",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/plans-display/",
      "title": "Plans Display",
      "text": "display available edst that provides detailed flight plan predicted conflict information textual format requested current plans trial",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/pma/",
      "title": "PMA",
      "text": "parts manufacturer approval",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/pneumatic/",
      "title": "Pneumatic",
      "text": "operation by use compressed air",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/point-out/",
      "title": "Point Out",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/point-in-space-approach/",
      "title": "Point-in-space approach",
      "text": "type helicopter instrument approach procedure missed point 2600 feet associated landing area",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/point-to-point-ptp/",
      "title": "Point-to-Point (PTP)",
      "text": "level nrr service aircraft that based traditional waypoints their fmss rnav equipage",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/polar-track-structure/",
      "title": "Polar Track Structure",
      "text": "system organized routes iceland alaska which overlie canadian mnps airspace",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/poor-judgment-chain/",
      "title": "Poor judgment chain",
      "text": "series mistakes that may lead accident incident two basic principles generally associated creation poor judgment chain are one bad decision often leads another string decisions grows reduces number subsequent alternatives continued safe flight adm intended break cause",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/position-error/",
      "title": "Position error",
      "text": "error indication altimeter asi vsi caused by air static system entrance being absolutely still",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/position-report/",
      "title": "Position Report",
      "text": "report known location transmitted by aircraft atc",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/position-symbol/",
      "title": "Position Symbol",
      "text": "computer generated indication shown radar display indicate mode tracking",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/positive-control/",
      "title": "Positive control",
      "text": "control air traffic within designated airspace by far definition separation pcg",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/positive-static-stability/",
      "title": "Positive static stability",
      "text": "initial tendency return state equilibrium disturbed that",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/power/",
      "title": "Power",
      "text": "implies work rate units per unit time function speed which force developed term power required generally associated reciprocating engines",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/powered-parachute/",
      "title": "Powered parachute",
      "text": "powered aircraft comprised flexible semi rigid wing connected fuselage that position flight until motion parachute contains engine seat occupant attached aircrafts landing gear",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/powered-lift/",
      "title": "Powered-lift",
      "text": "heavier air aircraft capable vertical takeoff landing low speed flight that depends principally engine driven lift devices thrust these regimes nonrotating airfoils horizontal",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/powerplant/",
      "title": "Powerplant",
      "text": "complete engine propeller combination accessories",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/practice-instrument-approach/",
      "title": "Practice Instrument Approach",
      "text": "instrument approach procedure conducted by vfr ifr aircraft purpose pilot training proficiency demonstrations",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/pre-departure-clearance-pdc/",
      "title": "Pre-departure Clearance (PDC)",
      "text": "application terminal data link system tdls that provides clearance information subscribers service provider text cockpit gate printer",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/pre-flight-pilot-briefing/",
      "title": "Pre-Flight Pilot Briefing",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/prearranged-coordination/",
      "title": "Prearranged Coordination",
      "text": "standardized procedure which permits air traffic controller enter airspace assigned another verbal coordination procedures are defined facility directive ensures approved separation aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/prearranged-coordination-procedures/",
      "title": "Prearranged Coordination Procedures",
      "text": "facilitys standardized procedure that describes process by which one controller shall allow aircraft penetrate transit another controllers airspace manner assures approved separation individual coordination",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/precession/",
      "title": "Precession",
      "text": "characteristic gyroscope that causes applied force felt point application 90 direction rotation",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/precipitation/",
      "title": "Precipitation",
      "text": "forms water particles rain sleet hail snow that fall atmosphere reach surface",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/precipitation-radar-weather-descriptions/",
      "title": "Precipitation RADAR Weather Descriptions",
      "text": "existing radar systems cannot detect turbulence however direct correlation degree weather features associated thunderstorms precipitation intensity controllers issue capable observed by using processor warp nas ground based digital radars capabilities information available described unknown levels determined they shall light lt 26 dbz moderate 40 heavy gt 50 extreme",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/precipitation-static-p-static/",
      "title": "Precipitation static (P-static)",
      "text": "form radio interference caused by rain snow dust particles hitting antenna inducing small frequency voltage",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/precision-approach/",
      "title": "Precision Approach",
      "text": "standard instrument approach procedure which vertical horizontal guidance provided",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/precision-approach-path-indicator-papi/",
      "title": "Precision approach path indicator (PAPI)",
      "text": "system lights similar vasi consisting one row two four light systems pilot correct glideslope see white red",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/precision-approach-procedure/",
      "title": "Precision Approach Procedure",
      "text": "standard instrument approach procedure which electronic glideslope type glidepath provided eg ils par gls",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/precision-approach-radar-par/",
      "title": "Precision Approach RADAR (PAR)",
      "text": "radar equipment atc facilities operated by faa andor military services joint use civilmilitary locations separate installations detect display azimuth elevation range aircraft final approach course runway may used monitor certain non approaches primarily conduct precision instrument par wherein controller issues guidance instructions pilot based aircrafts position relation glidepath elevationand distance touchdown point displayed scope note abbreviation also denote preferential arrival routes artcc computers",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/precision-approach-radar-par-[icao]/",
      "title": "Precision Approach RADAR (PAR) [ICAO]",
      "text": "primary radar equipment used determine position aircraft final approach terms lateral vertical deviations relative nominal path range touchdown note precision radars are designed enable pilots given guidance by radio communication stages land",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/precision-obstacle-free-zone-pofz/",
      "title": "Precision Obstacle Free Zone (POFZ)",
      "text": "800 foot wide by 200 long area centered runway centerline adjacent threshold designed protect aircraft flying precision approaches ground vehicles ceiling less 250 feet visibility 34 statute mile visual range 4000 monitor prm",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/precision-runway-monitor-prm/",
      "title": "Precision runway monitor (PRM)",
      "text": "system allows simultaneous independent instrument flight rules ifr approaches airports closely spaced parallel runways",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/precision-runway-monitor-prm-system/",
      "title": "Precision Runway Monitor (PRM) System",
      "text": "provides air traffic controllers monitoring ntz simultaneous close parallel prm approaches precision high update rate secondary surveillance data sensor component system required specific runway approach course separation resolution color display final monitor aid fma capability presents track along detailed maps depicting transgression zone operations",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/predictive-wind-shear-alert-system-pws/",
      "title": "Predictive Wind Shear Alert System (PWS)",
      "text": "self contained system used board aircraft alert flight crew presence potential wind shear pws systems typically monitor miles ahead 25 degrees left right aircrafts heading 1200 agl departing flights may receive they start takeoff roll elect abort approach receiving go around perform escape maneuver",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/preferential-routes/",
      "title": "Preferential Routes",
      "text": "preferential routes pdrs pars pdars are adapted artcc computers accomplish interintrafacility controller coordination assure that flight data posted proper control positions locations having need these specific inbound outbound normally publish local facility bulletins their use by pilots minimizes plan route amendments workload traffic situation permits controllers provide radar vectors assign requested minimize circuitous routing usually confined one artccs area referred following names acronyms departure pdr airport terminal en point flow may included instrument procedure dp preferred ifr arrival par appropriate standard star abbreviation used primarily within confused precision approach pdar two terminals which immediately adjacent synonymous listed they essentially purpose",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/preferred-ifr-routes/",
      "title": "Preferred IFR Routes",
      "text": "routes established busier airports increase system efficiency capacity they normally extend one artcc areas are designed achieve balanced traffic flows among high density terminals ifr clearances issued basis these except severe weather avoidance procedures factors dictate otherwise preferred listed chart supplement us flight planned area having departure arrival point pilots may use that part apreferred route which appropriate correlated dps stars defined by airways jet direct navaids waypoints navaid radialsdme combinations thereof",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/preignition/",
      "title": "Preignition",
      "text": "ignition occurring cylinder time normal preignition often caused by local hot spot combustion chamber igniting fuel air mixture",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/pressure-altitude/",
      "title": "Pressure altitude",
      "text": "altitude standard 2992hg plane",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/pressure-demand-oxygen-system/",
      "title": "Pressure demand oxygen system",
      "text": "demand oxygen system that supplies 100 percent sufficient pressure altitude normal breathing adequate also referred",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/prevailing-visibility/",
      "title": "Prevailing visibility",
      "text": "greatest horizontal visibility equaled exceeded throughout least half horizon circle which necessarily continuous",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/preventive-maintenance/",
      "title": "Preventive maintenance",
      "text": "simple minor preservative operations replacement small standard parts involving complex assembly operation listed 14 cfr part 43 appendix certificated pilots may perform preventive maintenance aircraft that owned operated by provided used air carrier service",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/primary-and-supporting/",
      "title": "Primary and supporting",
      "text": "method attitude instrument flying using that provides direct indication performance",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/primary-flight-display-pfd/",
      "title": "Primary flight display (PFD)",
      "text": "display that provides increased situational awareness pilot by replacing traditional six instruments used instrument flight easy scan horizon airspeed altitude vertical speed trend trim rate turn among key relevant indications",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/primary-radar-target/",
      "title": "Primary Radar Target",
      "text": "analog digital target exclusive secondary radar presented display",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/principal-base-of-operations/",
      "title": "Principal base of operations",
      "text": "primary operating location certificate holder established by",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/prm-approach/",
      "title": "PRM Approach",
      "text": "instrument approach procedure titled ils prm rnav lda gls conducted parallel runways separated by less 4300 feet least 3000 independent closely spaced approaches are permitted use enhanced display alerting transgression zone ntz secondary monitor frequency pilot training publication attention users page required depending runway spacing courses may one course must offset procedures also used conduct simultaneous soia operations straight utilized terminated visual segment begins missed point minimum distance close 750",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/procedural-control-[icao]/",
      "title": "Procedural Control [ICAO]",
      "text": "term used indicate that information derived ats surveillance system required provision air traffic control service",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/procedural-separation-[icao]/",
      "title": "Procedural Separation [ICAO]",
      "text": "separation used providing procedural control",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/procedure-turn/",
      "title": "Procedure Turn",
      "text": "maneuver prescribed necessary reverse direction establish aircraft intermediate approach segment final course outbound turn distance within which must completed minimum altitude are specified procedure however unless otherwise restricted point may commenced type rate left discretion pilot",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/procedure-turn-[icao]/",
      "title": "Procedure Turn [ICAO]",
      "text": "maneuver which turn made away designated track followed by opposite direction permit aircraft intercept proceed along reciprocal note procedure turns are left right according initial may being either level flight while descending circumstances individual approach",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/procedure-turn-inbound/",
      "title": "Procedure Turn Inbound",
      "text": "that point procedure turn maneuver course reversal been completed aircraft established inbound intermediate approach segment final report normally used by atc position separation purposes",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/profile-descent/",
      "title": "Profile Descent",
      "text": "uninterrupted descent except level flight required speed adjustment eg 250 knots 10000 feet msl cruising altitudelevel interception glideslope minimum altitude specified initial intermediate approach segment nonprecision instrument profile normallyterminates gate appropriate intercepted",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/profile-view/",
      "title": "Profile view",
      "text": "side view iap chart illustrating vertical approach path altitudes headings distances fixes",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/progress-report/",
      "title": "Progress Report",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/progressive-taxi/",
      "title": "Progressive Taxi",
      "text": "precise taxi instructions given pilot unfamiliar airport issued stages aircraft proceeds along route",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/prohibited-area/",
      "title": "Prohibited area",
      "text": "prohibited area airspace designated part 73 within which person may operate aircraft permission using agency",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/prohibited-area-[icao]/",
      "title": "Prohibited area [ICAO]",
      "text": "airspace defined dimensions land areas territorial waters state within which flight aircraft prohibited",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/prominent-obstacle/",
      "title": "Prominent Obstacle",
      "text": "obstacle that meets one following conditions which stands beyond adjacent surface surrounding terrain immediately projects noticeable hazard aircraft flight characterized low close whose height less 300 feet departure end takeoff runway der elevation within 10nm penetrates airportheliports diverse clearance ocs airportheliport requires procedure odp ensure avoidance",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/propeller/",
      "title": "Propeller",
      "text": "device propelling aircraft that blades engine driven shaft rotated produces by its action air thrust approximately perpendicular plane rotation includes control components normally supplied manufacturer does include main auxiliary rotors rotating airfoils engines",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/propeller-prop-wash-prop-blast/",
      "title": "Propeller (Prop) Wash (Prop Blast)",
      "text": "disturbed mass air generated by motion propeller",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/propeller-rotor-modulation-error/",
      "title": "Propeller/rotor modulation error",
      "text": "certain propeller rpm settings helicopter rotor speeds cause vor course deviation indicator cdi fluctuate much slight changes setting normally smooth roughness",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/proposed-boundary-crossing-time-pbct/",
      "title": "Proposed Boundary Crossing Time (PBCT)",
      "text": "center pbct parameter internal airport proposed flight plans are transmitted adjacent time along route departure boundary less equal value adaptation specifies transmission regardless",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/proposed-departure-time/",
      "title": "Proposed Departure Time",
      "text": "time that aircraft expects become airborne",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/protected-airspace/",
      "title": "Protected Airspace",
      "text": "airspace either side oceanic routetrack that equal one half lateral separation minimum except reduction protected been authorized",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/protected-segment/",
      "title": "Protected Segment",
      "text": "protected segment amended tfm route that inhibited automatic adapted alteration by eram",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/provisional-airport/",
      "title": "Provisional airport",
      "text": "airport approved by administrator use certificate holder purpose providing service community regular used available",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ptrs/",
      "title": "PTRS",
      "text": "performance tracking reporting system",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/public-aircraft/",
      "title": "Public aircraft",
      "text": "following aircraft being used commercial purpose carry individual crewmember qualified non crewmenber united states government owned by operated person purposes related crew training equipment development demonstration state district columbia territory possession political subdivision one these governments exclusively leased least 90 continuous days sole determining public status means transportation persons property compensation hire does include operation armed forces reimbursement that required federal statute regulation directive effect november 1999 behalf another cost agreement whose conducted certifies administrator aviation administration necessary respond significant imminent threat life including natural resources service private operator reasonably available meet governmental function activity undertaken national defense intelligence missions firefighting search rescue law enforcement transport prisoners detainees illegal aliens aeronautical research biological geological resource management member aboard agency presence perform associated performance chartered provide accordance title 10 code 14 31 32 50 secretary department which coast guard operating designates interest meets criteria paragraph definition qualifies extent direct control",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/public-aircraft-operation-pao/",
      "title": "Public Aircraft Operation (PAO)",
      "text": "uas operation meeting qualifications conditions required public aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/published-instrument-approach-procedure-visual-segment/",
      "title": "Published Instrument Approach Procedure Visual Segment",
      "text": "segment iap chart annotated fly visual airport dashed arrow indicate flight path profile plan view associated note approximate heading distance flown dead reckoning course while maintaining conditions",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/published-route/",
      "title": "Published Route",
      "text": "route which ifr altitude been established published eg federal airways jet routes area navigation specified direct",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/q-route/",
      "title": "Q Route",
      "text": "q designator assigned published rnav routes used by united states",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/qfe/",
      "title": "QFE",
      "text": "atmospheric pressure aerodrome elevation runway threshold",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/qne/",
      "title": "QNE",
      "text": "barometric pressure used standard altimeter setting 2992 inches hg",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/qnh/",
      "title": "QNH",
      "text": "barometric pressure reported by particular station",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/quadrant/",
      "title": "Quadrant",
      "text": "quarter part circle centered navaid oriented clockwise magnetic north follows ne quadrant 000 089 se 090 179 sw 180 269 nw 270 359",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/quick-look/",
      "title": "Quick Look",
      "text": "feature eas arts which provides controller capability display full data blocks tracked aircraft control positions",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/rabbit-the/",
      "title": "Rabbit, the",
      "text": "high intensity flasher system installed many large airports flashers consist series brilliant blue white bursts light flashing sequence along approach lights giving effect ball traveling toward runway",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radar/",
      "title": "RADAR",
      "text": "device that provides information range azimuth andor elevation objects by measuring time interval transmission reception directional radio pulses correlating angular orientation radiated antenna beam beams primary radar system which minute portion pulse transmitted site reflected object received back processing display air traffic control facility secondary radarradar beacon atcrbs detected fitted cooperative equipment form receivertransmitter transponder searching transmitterreceiver interrogator are used trigger distinctive reply rather signal pcg definition uses electromagnetic waves identify altitude direction speed moving fixed aircraft weather formations terrain term coined 1941 acronym detection ranging since entered english language standard word losing capitalization process phak",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radar-[icao]/",
      "title": "RADAR [ICAO]",
      "text": "radio detection device which provides information range azimuth andor elevation objects primary radar system uses reflected signals secondary wherein signal transmitted station initiates transmission another",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radar-advisory/",
      "title": "RADAR Advisory",
      "text": "provision advice information based radar observations",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radar-altimeter/",
      "title": "RADAR Altimeter",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radar-approach/",
      "title": "RADAR Approach",
      "text": "instrument approach procedure which utilizes precision radar par airport surveillance asr",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radar-approach-[icao]/",
      "title": "RADAR Approach [ICAO]",
      "text": "approach executed by aircraft direction radar controller",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radar-approach-control-facility/",
      "title": "RADAR Approach Control Facility",
      "text": "terminal atc facility that uses radar nonradar capabilities provide approach control services aircraft arriving departing transiting airspace controlled by see service provides operating vicinity one civil andor military airports area may ground gca ie asr par approaches operated faa usaf us army usn usmc jointly specific nomenclatures are used administrative purposes related physical location generally follows arac air traffic ratcf usnfaa usmcfaa rapcon usaffaa tracon tower atct towers delegated authority",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radar-arrival/",
      "title": "RADAR Arrival",
      "text": "aircraft arriving airport served by radar facility contact",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radar-beacon/",
      "title": "RADAR Beacon",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radar-clutter-[icao]/",
      "title": "RADAR Clutter [ICAO]",
      "text": "visual indication radar display unwanted signals",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radar-contact/",
      "title": "RADAR CONTACT",
      "text": "used by atc inform aircraft that identified using approved surveillance source air traffic controllers display radar flight following provided until service terminated may also within limits necessity capability pilot informed contact heshe automatically discontinues reporting compulsory points see lost refer aim term controller approval granted enter receiving airspace",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radar-contact-[icao]/",
      "title": "RADAR Contact [ICAO]",
      "text": "situation which exists radar blip position symbol particular aircraft seen identified display",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radar-contact-lost/",
      "title": "RADAR CONTACT LOST",
      "text": "used by atc inform pilot that surveillance data determine aircrafts position longer being received reliable radar service provided loss may attributed several factors including aircraft merging weather ground clutter operating line sight coverage entering area poor return failure equipment",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radar-environment/",
      "title": "RADAR Environment",
      "text": "area which radar service may provided",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radar-flight-following/",
      "title": "RADAR Flight Following",
      "text": "observation progress radar identified aircraft whose primary navigation being provided by pilot wherein controller retains correlates identity appropriate target symbol displayed scope",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radar-identification/",
      "title": "RADAR Identification",
      "text": "process ascertaining that observed radar target return particular aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radar-identified-aircraft/",
      "title": "RADAR Identified Aircraft",
      "text": "aircraft position which been correlated observed target symbol radar display",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radar-monitoring/",
      "title": "RADAR Monitoring",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radar-navigational-guidance/",
      "title": "RADAR Navigational Guidance",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radar-point-out/",
      "title": "RADAR Point Out",
      "text": "action taken by controller transfer radar identification aircraft another may enter airspace protected radio communications transferred",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radar-required/",
      "title": "RADAR Required",
      "text": "term displayed charts approach plates included fdc notams alert pilots that segments either instrument procedure route are navigable because absence unusability navaid pilot expect provided radar navigational guidance while transiting labeled",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radar-route/",
      "title": "RADAR Route",
      "text": "flight path route which aircraft vectored navigational guidance altitude assignments are provided by atc",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radar-separation/",
      "title": "RADAR Separation",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radar-service/",
      "title": "RADAR Service",
      "text": "term which encompasses one following services based use radar provided by controller pilot identified aircraft monitoring flight whose primary navigation being performed observe note deviations its authorized path airway route applied specifically instrument approaches ie precision approach par simultaneous ilsrnav gls includes advice instructions whenever nears exceeds prescribed safety limit ils rnav transgression zone see additional traffic advisories navigational guidance vectoring provide course separation spacing accordance established minima",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radar-service-[icao]/",
      "title": "RADAR Service [ICAO]",
      "text": "term used indicate service provided directly by means radar monitoring use purpose providing aircraft information advice relative significant deviations nominal flight path separation position derived sources",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radar-service-terminated/",
      "title": "RADAR Service Terminated",
      "text": "used by atc inform pilot that heshe longer provided services could received while radar contact service automatically terminated advised following cases aircraft cancels its ifr flight plan except within class b airspace c trsa basic conducting instrument visual approach landed been instructed change advisory frequency arriving vfr receiving tower controlled airport sequencing airports completes",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radar-services/",
      "title": "RADAR services",
      "text": "radar method whereby radio waves are transmitted air received they have been reflected by object path beam range determined measuring time takes speed light wave go return receiving antenna direction detected site position rotating portion",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radar-summary-chart/",
      "title": "RADAR Summary Chart",
      "text": "weather product derived national radar network that graphically displays summary reports",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radar-surveillance/",
      "title": "RADAR Surveillance",
      "text": "radar observation given geographical area purpose performing function",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radar-traffic-advisories/",
      "title": "RADAR Traffic Advisories",
      "text": "advisories issued alert pilots known observed radar traffic which may affect intended route flight their aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radar-traffic-information-service/",
      "title": "RADAR Traffic Information Service",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radar-vectoring-[icao]/",
      "title": "Radar Vectoring [ICAO]",
      "text": "provision navigational guidance aircraft form specific headings based use radar",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radar-weather-report-sd/",
      "title": "RADAR Weather report (SD)",
      "text": "report issued by radar stations 35 minutes hour special reports needed provides information type intensity location echo tops precipitation",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radial/",
      "title": "Radial",
      "text": "magnetic bearing extending vorvortactacan navigation facility",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radials/",
      "title": "Radials",
      "text": "courses oriented station",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radio/",
      "title": "RADIO",
      "text": "device used communication refer flight service station eg seattle radio call fss",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radio-altimeter/",
      "title": "Radio Altimeter",
      "text": "aircraft equipment which makes use reflection radio waves ground determine height surface",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radio-beacon/",
      "title": "Radio Beacon",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radio-controlled-rc/",
      "title": "Radio Controlled (RC)",
      "text": "use control signals transmitted radio remotely controlled device radiocontrolled model airplanes",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radio-detection-and-ranging-radar/",
      "title": "Radio Detection and Ranging (RADAR)",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radio-frequency-rf/",
      "title": "Radio frequency (RF)",
      "text": "term that refers alternating current ac having characteristics input antenna electromagnetic em field generated suitable wireless broadcasting andor communications",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radio-magnetic-indicator-rmi/",
      "title": "Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI)",
      "text": "aircraft navigational instrument coupled gyro compass similar that indicates direction selected navaid bearing respect heading",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radio-or-radar-altimeter/",
      "title": "Radio or radar altimeter",
      "text": "electronic altimeter that determines height aircraft terrain by measuring time needed pulse radio frequency energy travel ground return",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radio-wave/",
      "title": "Radio wave",
      "text": "electromagnetic em wave frequency characteristics useful radio transmission",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/radiosonde/",
      "title": "Radiosonde",
      "text": "weather instrument that observes reports meteorological conditions upper atmosphere typically carried by form balloon",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/rail/",
      "title": "RAIL",
      "text": "runway alignment indicator light system",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ram-recovery/",
      "title": "RAM recovery",
      "text": "increase thrust result ram air pressures density front engine caused by velocity",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ramp/",
      "title": "Ramp",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/random-altitude/",
      "title": "Random Altitude",
      "text": "altitude inappropriate direction flight andor accordance faa order jo 711065 paragraph vertical separation minima",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/random-rnav-routes/",
      "title": "Random RNAV routes",
      "text": "direct routes based area navigation capability waypoints defined terms latitudelongitude coordinates degree distance fixes offsets established routesairways specified direction",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/random-route/",
      "title": "Random Route",
      "text": "route established chartedpublished otherwise available users",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ranging-signals/",
      "title": "Ranging signals",
      "text": "transmitted gps satellite signals allowing aircrafts receiver determine range distance",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/rapid-decompression/",
      "title": "Rapid decompression",
      "text": "almost instantaneous loss cabin pressure aircraft pressurized cockpit",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/rated-2-1-2-minute-oei-power/",
      "title": "Rated 2 1/2-minute OEI power",
      "text": "rated 12 minute oei power respect rotorcraft turbine engines means approved brake horsepower developed static conditions specified altitudes temperatures within operating limitations established engine part 33 chapter periods use longer minutes failure shutdown one multiengine",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/rated-2-minute-oei-power/",
      "title": "Rated 2-minute OEI Power",
      "text": "respect rotorcraft turbine engines means approved brake horsepower developed static conditions specified altitudes temperatures within operating limitations established engine part 33 chapter continuation one flight operation failure shutdown multiengine three periods use longer minutes followed by mandatory inspection prescribed maintenance action",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/rated-30-minute-oei-power/",
      "title": "Rated 30-minute OEI power",
      "text": "respect rotorcraft turbine engines means approved brake horsepower developed static conditions specified altitudes temperatures within operating limitations established engine part 33 chapter limited use one period longer 30 minutes failure shutdown multiengine",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/rated-30-second-oei-power/",
      "title": "Rated 30-second OEI Power",
      "text": "respect rotorcraft turbine engines means approved brake horsepower developed static conditions specified altitudes temperatures within operating limitations established engine part 33 chapter continuation one flight operation failure shutdown multiengine three periods use longer 30 seconds followed by mandatory inspection prescribed maintenance action",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/rated-continuous-oei-power/",
      "title": "Rated continuous OEI power",
      "text": "respect rotorcraft turbine engines means approved brake horsepower developed static conditions specified altitudes temperatures within operating limitations established engine part 33 chapter limited use time required complete flight failure shutdown one multiengine",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/rated-maximum-continuous-augmented-thrust/",
      "title": "Rated maximum continuous augmented thrust",
      "text": "respect turbojet engine type certification means approved jet thrust that developed statically flight standard atmosphere specified altitude fluid injection burning fuel separate combustion chamber within operating limitations established part 33 chapter unrestricted periods use",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/rated-maximum-continuous-power/",
      "title": "Rated maximum continuous power",
      "text": "respect reciprocating turbopropeller turboshaft engines means approved brake horsepower that developed statically flight standard atmosphere specified altitude within engine operating limitations established part 33 unrestricted periods use",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/rated-maximum-continuous-thrust/",
      "title": "Rated maximum continuous thrust",
      "text": "respect turbojet engine type certification means approved jet thrust that developed statically flight standard atmosphere specified altitude fluid injection burning fuel separate combustion chamber within operating limitations established part 33 chapter unrestricted periods use",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/rated-takeoff-augmented-thrust/",
      "title": "Rated takeoff augmented thrust",
      "text": "respect turbojet engine type certification means approved jet thrust that developed statically standard sea level conditions fluid injection burning fuel separate combustion chamber within operating limitations established part 33 chapter limited use periods minutes takeoff operation",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/rated-takeoff-power/",
      "title": "Rated takeoff power",
      "text": "respect reciprocating turbopropeller turboshaft engine type certification means approved brake horsepower that developed statically standard sea level conditions within operating limitations established part 33 limited use periods minutes takeoff operation",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/rated-takeoff-thrust/",
      "title": "Rated takeoff thrust",
      "text": "respect turbojet engine type certification means approved jet thrust that developed statically standard sea level conditions fluid injection burning fuel separate combustion chamber within operating limitations established part 33 chapter limited use periods minutes takeoff operation",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/rating/",
      "title": "Rating",
      "text": "statement that part certificate sets forth special conditions privileges limitations",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/rbn/",
      "title": "RBN",
      "text": "radio beacon",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/rclm/",
      "title": "RCLM",
      "text": "runway centerline marking",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/rcls/",
      "title": "RCLS",
      "text": "runway centerline light system",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/read-back/",
      "title": "READ BACK",
      "text": "repeat message back",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/receiver-autonomous-integrity-monitoring-raim/",
      "title": "Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM)",
      "text": "technique whereby civil gnss receiverprocessor determines integrity navigation signals reference sensors non dod systems receiver itself determination achieved by consistency check among redundant pseudorange measurements pcg definition system used verify usability received gps warns pilot malfunction required ifr certified units phak",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/receiver-transmitter-rt/",
      "title": "Receiver-transmitter (RT)",
      "text": "system that receives transmits signal indicator",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/receiving-controller/",
      "title": "Receiving Controller",
      "text": "controllerfacility receiving control aircraft another",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/receiving-facility/",
      "title": "Receiving Facility",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/recommended-altitude/",
      "title": "Recommended altitude",
      "text": "altitude depicted instrument approach chart value neither underscored nor overscored advisory",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/reconformance/",
      "title": "Reconformance",
      "text": "automated process bringing aircrafts current plan trajectory conformance its track",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/recreational-flyer/",
      "title": "Recreational Flyer",
      "text": "pilot uas who operating 49 usc 44809 exception limited recreational operations unmanned aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/reduce-speed-to-speed/",
      "title": "Reduce Speed to (speed)",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/reduced-vertical-separation-minimum-rvsm/",
      "title": "Reduced vertical separation minimum (RVSM)",
      "text": "reduces vertical separation flight levels fl 290 410 2000 feet 1000 makes six additional fls available operation also see drvsmreference circle distance depicted plan view iap chart that typically 10 nm radius within which elements are drawn scale",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/reference-landing-speed/",
      "title": "Reference landing speed",
      "text": "speed airplane specified landing configuration point descends 50 foot height determination distance",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/refined-hazard-area-rha/",
      "title": "Refined Hazard Area (RHA)",
      "text": "used by atc airspace that defined distributed failure launch reentry operation provide concise depiction hazard location contingency area",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/region-of-reverse-command/",
      "title": "Region of reverse command",
      "text": "flight regime which higher airspeed requires lower power setting order maintain altitude",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/regions-of-command/",
      "title": "Regions of command",
      "text": "regions normal reversed command refers relationship speed power required maintain change that flight",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/regular-airport/",
      "title": "Regular airport",
      "text": "airport used by certificate holder scheduled operation listed its operations specifications",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/reil/",
      "title": "REIL",
      "text": "runway end identification lights",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/relative-bearing-rb/",
      "title": "Relative bearing (RB)",
      "text": "angular difference aircraft heading direction station measured clockwise nose",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/relative-bearing-indicator-rbi/",
      "title": "Relative bearing indicator (RBI)",
      "text": "also known fixed card adf zero always indicated top instrument needle indicates relative bearing station",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/relative-humidity/",
      "title": "Relative humidity",
      "text": "ratio existing amount water vapor air given temperature maximum that could exist usually expressed percent",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/relative-wind/",
      "title": "Relative wind",
      "text": "direction airflow produced by object moving air relative wind airplane flight flows parallel opposite therefore actual path determines",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/release-time/",
      "title": "Release Time",
      "text": "departure time restriction issued pilot by atc either directly authorized relay necessary separate departing aircraft traffic",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/release-time-[icao]/",
      "title": "Release Time [ICAO]",
      "text": "time prior which aircraft given clearance proceed case radio failure",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/remote-airport-information-service-rais/",
      "title": "Remote Airport Information Service (RAIS)",
      "text": "temporary service provided by facilities which are located landing airport have communication capability automated weather reporting available pilot",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/remote-communications-air-ground-facility/",
      "title": "Remote Communications Air/Ground Facility",
      "text": "unmanned vhfuhf transmitterreceiver facility which used expand artcc airground communications coverage facilitate direct contact pilots controllers rcag facilities are sometimes equipped emergency frequencies 1215 mhz 2430",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/remote-communications-outlet-rco/",
      "title": "Remote Communications Outlet (RCO)",
      "text": "unmanned communications facility remotely controlled by air traffic personnel rcos serve fsss remote transmitterreceivers rtr terminal atc facilities rco may uhf vhf extend communication range are several classes rtrs class determined number transmitters receivers g used primarily airground purposes o nonprotected outlets subject undetected prolonged outages os were established express purpose providing ground control specialists pilots located satellite airport delivering en route clearances issuing departure authorizations acknowledging instrument flight rules cancellations departurelanding times secondary function they advisory whenever aircraft coverage primary frequency",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/remote-identification-rid/",
      "title": "Remote Identification (RID)",
      "text": "system electronic identification secure oversight uas",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/remote-pilot/",
      "title": "Remote Pilot",
      "text": "pilot uas who operating recreational flyer 49 usc 44809 exception limited operations unmanned aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/remote-pilot-in-command-rpic/",
      "title": "Remote Pilot in Command (RPIC)",
      "text": "rpic directly responsible final authority operation unmanned aircraft system",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/remote-transmitter-receiver-rtr/",
      "title": "Remote Transmitter/Receiver (RTR)",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/report/",
      "title": "Report",
      "text": "used instruct pilots advise atc specified information eg report passing hamilton vor",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/reporting-point/",
      "title": "Reporting Point",
      "text": "geographical location relation which position aircraft reported",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/reporting-point-[icao]/",
      "title": "Reporting Point [ICAO]",
      "text": "specified geographical location relation which position aircraft reported",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/request-full-route-clearance-frc/",
      "title": "Request Full Route Clearance (FRC)",
      "text": "used by pilots request that entire route flight read verbatim atc clearance made preclude receiving based original filed plan ifr been revised pilot company operations prior departure",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/required-navigation-performance-rnp/",
      "title": "Required Navigation Performance (RNP)",
      "text": "statement navigational performance necessary operation within defined airspace following terms are commonly associated rnp required navigation level type x value nautical miles nm intended horizontal position which aircraft would least 95 percent total flying time advanced specification based that requires functions scalable radius fix rf legs tactical parallel offsets sophisticated navspec designated by abbreviation generic term designating routes operations procedures minimum have been established actual anp measure current estimated also referred error epe lateral lnav function area rnav equipment calculates displays provides guidance profile path vertical vnav pcg defintion specified accuracy confined certified operates phak definition",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/rescue-co-ordination-centre-[icao]/",
      "title": "Rescue Co-ordination Centre [ICAO]",
      "text": "unit responsible promoting efficient organization search rescue service coordinating conduct operations within region",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/rescue-coordination-center-rcc/",
      "title": "Rescue Coordination Center (RCC)",
      "text": "search rescue sar facility equipped manned coordinate control operations area designated by plan us coast guard air force have responsibility operation rccs",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/resolution-advisory/",
      "title": "Resolution Advisory",
      "text": "display indication given pilot by traffic alert collision avoidance system tcas ii recommending maneuver increase vertical separation relative intruding aircraft positive negative speed limit vsl advisories constitute resolution advisory also classified corrective preventive",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/restricted-area/",
      "title": "Restricted area",
      "text": "restricted area airspace designated part 73 within which flight aircraft while wholly prohibited subject restriction",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/restricted-area-[icao]/",
      "title": "Restricted Area [ICAO]",
      "text": "airspace defined dimensions land areas territorial waters state within which flight aircraft restricted accordance certain specified conditions",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/resume-normal-speed/",
      "title": "RESUME NORMAL SPEED",
      "text": "used by atc advise pilot resume aircrafts normal operating speed issued terminate adjustment published restrictions apply does delete procedures upcoming segments flight relieve that are applicable 14 cfr section 91117",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/resume-own-navigation/",
      "title": "RESUME OWN NAVIGATION",
      "text": "used by atc advise pilot resume hisher navigational responsibility issued completion radar vector contact lost while aircraft being vectored",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/resume-published-speed/",
      "title": "RESUME PUBLISHED SPEED",
      "text": "used by atc advise pilot resume published speed restrictions that are applicable sid star instrument procedure issued terminate speedadjustment charted",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/reverse-sensing/",
      "title": "Reverse sensing",
      "text": "vor needle appearing indicate reverse normal operation",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/rf/",
      "title": "RF",
      "text": "radio frequency",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/rffs/",
      "title": "RFFS",
      "text": "rescue firefighting services",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/rhodopsin/",
      "title": "Rhodopsin",
      "text": "photosensitive pigments that initiate visual response rods eye",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/rigging/",
      "title": "Rigging",
      "text": "final adjustment alignment aircraft its flight control system that provides proper aerodynamic characteristics",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/rigidity/",
      "title": "Rigidity",
      "text": "characteristic gyroscope that prevents its axis rotation tilting earth rotates",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/rigidity-in-space/",
      "title": "Rigidity in space",
      "text": "principle that wheel heavily weighted rim spinning rapidly remain fixed position plane which",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/rime-ice/",
      "title": "Rime ice",
      "text": "rough milky opaque ice formed by instantaneous freezing small supercooled water droplets",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/risk/",
      "title": "Risk",
      "text": "future impact hazard that eliminated controlled",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/risk-elements/",
      "title": "Risk elements",
      "text": "are four fundamental risk elements aviation pilot aircraft environment type operation that comprise given situation",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/risk-management/",
      "title": "Risk management",
      "text": "part decision making process which relies situational awareness problem recognition good judgment reduce risks associated flight",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/rnav-approach/",
      "title": "RNAV Approach",
      "text": "instrument approach procedure which relies aircraft area navigation equipment navigational guidance",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/rnav-visual-flight-procedure-rvfp/",
      "title": "RNAV Visual Flight Procedure (RVFP)",
      "text": "rvfp special visual flight procedure flown ifr plan conditions clear clouds must maintained using approved rnav system maintain published lateral vertical paths runways instrument approach requires atc clearance may begin points along path charted by federal register public use operator required have specific operations specification approval ceiling visibility minima are chart does missed evaluated obstacle protection",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/road-reconnaissance-rc/",
      "title": "Road Reconnaissance (RC)",
      "text": "military activity requiring navigation along roads railroads rivers reconnaissance routeroute segments are seldom straight line normally require lateral route width 10 nm 30 altitude range 500 feet 10000 agl",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/rocket/",
      "title": "Rocket",
      "text": "aircraft propelled by ejected expanding gases generated engine self contained propellants dependent intake outside substances includes part which becomes separated operation",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/roger/",
      "title": "ROGER",
      "text": "have received your last transmission used answer question requiring yes",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/rotor-wash/",
      "title": "Rotor Wash",
      "text": "phenomenon resulting vertical wash air generated by main rotors helicopter",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/rotorcraft/",
      "title": "Rotorcraft",
      "text": "heavier air aircraft that depends principally its support flight lift generated by one rotors",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/rotorcraft-load-combination/",
      "title": "Rotorcraft-load combination",
      "text": "combination rotorcraft external load including attaching means combinations are designated class b c d follows one which cannot move freely jettisoned does extend landing gear jettisonable lifted free land water operation remains contact been specifically approved by administrator that",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/round-robin-flight-plan/",
      "title": "Round-Robin Flight Plan",
      "text": "single flight plan filed departure airport intermediary destinations returning original",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/route/",
      "title": "Route",
      "text": "defined path consisting one courses horizontal plane which aircraft traverse surface earth",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/route-action-notification/",
      "title": "Route Action Notification",
      "text": "edst notification that parpdrpdar been applied flight plan",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/route-segment/",
      "title": "Route Segment",
      "text": "used air traffic control part route that defined by two navigational fixes navaids fix navaid",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/route-segment-[icao]/",
      "title": "Route Segment [ICAO]",
      "text": "portion route flown defined by two consecutive significant points specified flight plan",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/rr/",
      "title": "RR",
      "text": "low medium frequency radio range station",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/rudder/",
      "title": "Rudder",
      "text": "movable primary control surface mounted trailing edge vertical fin airplane movement rudder rotates its axis",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ruddervator/",
      "title": "Ruddervator",
      "text": "pair control surfaces tail aircraft arranged form v these moved together by wheel serve elevators differentially rudder pedals",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/runway/",
      "title": "Runway",
      "text": "defined rectangular area land airport prepared landing takeoff run aircraft along its length runways are normally numbered relation their magnetic direction rounded nearest 10 degrees eg runway 25",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/runway-[icao]/",
      "title": "Runway [ICAO]",
      "text": "defined rectangular area land aerodrome prepared landing takeoff aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/runway-centerline-lighting/",
      "title": "Runway Centerline Lighting",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/runway-centerline-lights/",
      "title": "Runway centerline lights",
      "text": "runway lighting which consists flush centerline lights spaced 50 foot intervals beginning 75 feet landing threshold",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/runway-condition-assessment-matrix-rcam/",
      "title": "Runway Condition Assessment Matrix (RCAM)",
      "text": "rcam method airport operator uses assess report conditions runway surface contaminants are present use applicable paved surfaces assessment been performed defines format by which reports determines condition code rwycc",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/runway-condition-codes-rwycc/",
      "title": "Runway Condition Codes (RwyCC)",
      "text": "numerical readings provided by airport operators that indicate runway surface contamination example slush ice rain etc these values range poor dry must included atis reportable condition less one three zones touchdown midpoint rollout",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/runway-condition-reading/",
      "title": "Runway Condition Reading",
      "text": "numerical decelerometer readings relayed by air traffic controllers usaf certain civil bases use pilot determining runway braking action these are routinely national guard aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/runway-condition-report-rcr/",
      "title": "Runway Condition Report (RCR)",
      "text": "data collection worksheet used by airport operators that correlates runway percentage coverage along depth type contaminant purpose creating ficon notam",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/runway-edge-lights/",
      "title": "Runway edge lights",
      "text": "component runway lighting system that used outline edges runways night low visibility conditions these lights are classified according intensity they capable producing",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/runway-end-identifier-lights-reil/",
      "title": "Runway end identifier lights (REIL)",
      "text": "pair synchronized flashing lights located laterally side runway threshold providing rapid positive identification approach end",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/runway-entrance-lights-rel/",
      "title": "Runway Entrance Lights (REL)",
      "text": "array red lights which include first light hold line followed by series evenly spaced runway edge aligned taxiway centerline one additional last two",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/runway-gradient/",
      "title": "Runway Gradient",
      "text": "average slope measured percent two ends points runway gradient depicted government aerodrome sketches total exceeds 03",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/runway-heading/",
      "title": "Runway Heading",
      "text": "magnetic direction that corresponds runway centerline extended painted number cleared fly maintain heading pilots are expected departure drift correction shall applied eg actual 044",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/runway-in-use-active-runway/duty-runway/",
      "title": "Runway In Use/Active Runway/Duty Runway",
      "text": "runway runways currently being used takeoff landing multiple are they considered active metering sense selectable adapted item which specifies configuration direction traffic flow optimum flight plan transition fix vertex determined by arrival processing purposes",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/runway-lights/",
      "title": "Runway Lights",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/runway-markings/",
      "title": "Runway Markings",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/runway-overrun/",
      "title": "Runway Overrun",
      "text": "military aviation exclusively stabilized paved area beyond end runway width plus shoulders centered extended centerline",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/runway-profile-descent/",
      "title": "Runway Profile Descent",
      "text": "instrument flight rules ifr air traffic control arrival procedure runway published pilot use graphic andor textual form may associated star profile descents provide routing depict crossing altitudes speed restrictions headings flown en route structure point receive clearance execute approach descent apply one stated chart",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/runway-safety-area-rsa/",
      "title": "Runway Safety Area (RSA)",
      "text": "defined surface surrounding runway prepared suitable reducing risk damage airplanes event undershoot overshoot excursion dimensions rsa vary determined by using criteria contained within ac 1505300 13 airport design chapter figure depicts standards dictate that shall cleared graded have potentially hazardous ruts humps depressions variations drained grading storm sewers prevent water accumulation capable dry conditions supporting snow removal equipment aircraft rescue firefighting occasional passage causing structural free objects except need located safety area because their function these constructed low impact resistant supports frangible mounted structures lowest practical height point higher inches grade",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/runway-status-lights-rwsl-system/",
      "title": "Runway Status Lights (RWSL) System",
      "text": "rwsl system runway taxiway lighting provide pilots increased situational awareness by illuminating entry lights rel unsafe crossing take hold thl departure",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/runway-transition/",
      "title": "Runway Transition",
      "text": "conventional starssids portion starsid that serves particular runway runways airport rnav defines paths common route final points star sid",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/runway-use-program/",
      "title": "Runway Use Program",
      "text": "noise abatement runway selection plan designed enhance efforts regard airport communities arriving departing aircraft these plans are developed use programs apply turbojet 12500 pounds heavier less included proprietor determines that creates problem coordinated faa offices safety criteria used by office flight operations administered air traffic service formal informal program approved which defined acknowledged letter understanding users established participation mandatory operators pilots provided 14 cfr section 91129 does require voluntary operatorspilots",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/runway-visibility-value-rvv/",
      "title": "Runway Visibility Value (RVV)",
      "text": "visibility determined particular runway by transmissometerrunway visual range rvr instrumentally derived horizontal distance pilot able see approach end based either sighting high intensity lights contrast objects",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/runway-visual-range-rvr/",
      "title": "Runway Visual Range (RVR)",
      "text": "instrumentally derived value based standard calibrations that represents horizontal distance pilot see runway approach end sighting either high intensity lights hirl visual contrast targets whichever yields greater range rvr prevailing visibility what moving aircraft looking slant measurement transmissometer made near touchdown point instrument reported hundreds feet used lieu rvv andor determining minimums particular readout values obtained equipment serving zone mid located midfield rollout nearest",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/safety-alert/",
      "title": "Safety Alert",
      "text": "safety alert issued by atc aircraft their control aware altitude which controllers judgment places unsafe proximity terrain obstructions controller may discontinue issuance alerts pilot advises heshe taking action correct situation sight terrainobstruction terrainobstructions eg low check your immediately conflict that offer alternate course feasible traffic advise turn right heading zero niner climb eight thousand note contingent upon capability have awareness condition provided predicated solely pilots prerogative determine what take",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/safety-logic-system/",
      "title": "SAFETY LOGIC SYSTEM",
      "text": "software enhancement asde x assc that predicts path aircraft landing andor departing vehicular movements runways visual aural alarms are activated safety logic projects potential collision airport movement area system amass integral part program",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/safety-logic-system-alerts/",
      "title": "SAFETY LOGIC SYSTEM ALERTS",
      "text": "alert actual situation involving two real safety logic tracks aircraftaircraft aircraftvehicle aircraftother tangible object that predicted result imminent collision based upon current set parameters false alerts generated by one surface radar targets system interpreted placed which software did perform correctly design specifications caused moderate greater precipitation nuisance following true known considered unsafe operation lahso approved operations inaccurate secondary data received aircraft involved intending use runway example helicopter pipeline patrol non mode c overflight etc valid determines required invalid issue",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/sail-back/",
      "title": "SAIL BACK",
      "text": "maneuver high wind conditions usually power float plane movement controlled by water ruddersopening closing cabin doors",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/sals/",
      "title": "SALS",
      "text": "short approach light system",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/same-direction-aircraft/",
      "title": "SAME DIRECTION Aircraft",
      "text": "aircraft are operating direction they following track their tracks parallel flying intersect angle less 45 degrees",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/satcom/",
      "title": "SATCOM",
      "text": "satellite communications",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/satellite-ephemeris-data/",
      "title": "Satellite ephemeris data",
      "text": "data broadcast by gps satellite containing accurate orbital that atmospheric propagation clock error",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/satellite-based-augmentation-system-sbas/",
      "title": "Satellite-Based Augmentation System (SBAS)",
      "text": "wide coverage augmentation system which user receives information satellite based transmitter",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/say-again/",
      "title": "SAY AGAIN",
      "text": "used request repeat last transmission usually specifies portion thereof understood received eg say abram vor",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/say-altitude/",
      "title": "SAY ALTITUDE",
      "text": "used by atc ascertain aircrafts specific altitudeflight level aircraft climbing descending pilot state indicated altitude rounded nearest 100 feet",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/say-heading/",
      "title": "SAY HEADING",
      "text": "used by atc request aircraft heading pilot state actual",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/scan/",
      "title": "Scan",
      "text": "first fundamental skill instrument flight also known cross check continuous logical observation instruments attitude performance information",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/scheduled-operation/",
      "title": "Scheduled operation",
      "text": "common carriage passenger carrying operation compensation hire conducted by air carrier commercial operator which certificate holder its representative offers advance departure location time arrival does include that public charter part 380 chapter",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/scheduled-time-of-arrival-sta/",
      "title": "Scheduled Time of Arrival (STA)",
      "text": "sta desired time that aircraft cross certain point landing metering fix takes traffic airspace configuration account shows results tbfm scheduler calculated arrival according parameters optimized spacing performance weather",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/sea-breeze/",
      "title": "Sea breeze",
      "text": "coastal breeze blowing sea land caused by temperature difference surface warmer usually occurs day alternates that blows opposite direction night",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/sea-lane/",
      "title": "SEA LANE",
      "text": "designated portion water outlined by visual surface markers intended used aircraft designed operate",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/sea-level-engine/",
      "title": "Sea level engine",
      "text": "reciprocating aircraft engine having rated takeoff power that producible sea level",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/search-and-rescue-sar/",
      "title": "Search and Rescue (SAR)",
      "text": "service which seeks missing aircraft assists found need assistance cooperative effort using facilities services available federal state local agencies us coast guard responsible coordination search rescue maritime region air force inland information pertinent passed traffic facility transmitted directly center by telephone",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/search-and-rescue-facility/",
      "title": "Search And Rescue Facility",
      "text": "facility responsible maintaining operating search rescue sar service render aid persons property distress unit station net operational activity which usefully employed mission eg civil air patrol wing coast guard",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/second-in-command/",
      "title": "Second in command",
      "text": "pilot who designated second command aircraft flight time",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/secondary-radar-target/",
      "title": "Secondary Radar Target",
      "text": "target derived transponder return presented radar display",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/sectional-aeronautical-charts/",
      "title": "Sectional aeronautical charts",
      "text": "designed visual navigation slow medium speed aircraft topographic information these charts features portrayal relief judicious selection check points vfr flight aeronautical includes radio aids airports controlled airspace restricted areas obstructions related data",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/sector-list-drop-interval-sldi/",
      "title": "Sector List Drop Interval (SLDI)",
      "text": "parameter number minutes meter fix time arrival aircraft deleted sector list",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/security-notice-secnot/",
      "title": "Security Notice (SECNOT)",
      "text": "secnot request originated by air traffic security coordinator atsc extensive communications search aircraft involved suspected being violation are considered risk include identification area expiration time defined could single airport multiple airports radius fix route flight been reached canceled",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/security-services-airspace/",
      "title": "Security Services Airspace",
      "text": "areas established regulatory process by notam issued administrator title 14 cfr sections 997 91141 91139 which specify that atc security services are required ie adiz temporary flight rules",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/see-and-avoid/",
      "title": "See And Avoid",
      "text": "weather conditions permit pilots operating ifr vfr are required observe maneuver avoid aircraft right way rules contained 14 cfr part 91",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/segmented-circle/",
      "title": "Segmented Circle",
      "text": "system visual indicators designed provide traffic pattern information airports operating control towers",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/segments-of-an-instrument-approach-procedure/",
      "title": "Segments Of An Instrument Approach Procedure",
      "text": "instrument approach procedure may have many four separate segments depending structured initial segment fix intermediate point aircraft established course final see icao term runway airport missed arrival decision height prescribed altitude",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/selective-availability-sa/",
      "title": "Selective availability (SA)",
      "text": "satellite technology permitting department defense dod create interest national security significant clock ephemeris error satellites resulting navigation",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/semicircular-canal/",
      "title": "Semicircular canal",
      "text": "inner ear organ that detects angular acceleration body",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/semimonocoque/",
      "title": "Semimonocoque",
      "text": "fuselage design that includes substructure bulkheads andor formers along stringers support flight loads stresses imposed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/sense-and-avoid-saa/",
      "title": "Sense and Avoid (SAA)",
      "text": "capability unmanned aircraft detect sense avoid collisions obstacles whether airborne ground while operating nas",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/sensitive-altimeter/",
      "title": "Sensitive altimeter",
      "text": "form multipointer pneumatic altimeter adjustable barometric scale that allows reference pressure set desired level",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/separation/",
      "title": "Separation",
      "text": "air traffic control spacing aircraft achieve their safe orderly movement flight while landing taking",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/separation-[icao]/",
      "title": "Separation [ICAO]",
      "text": "spacing aircraft levels tracks",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/separation-minima/",
      "title": "SEPARATION MINIMA",
      "text": "minimum longitudinal lateral vertical distances by which aircraft are spaced application air traffic control procedures",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/service/",
      "title": "SERVICE",
      "text": "generic term that designates functions assistance available rendered by air traffic control example class c service would denote atc services provided within airspace area",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/service-ceiling/",
      "title": "Service ceiling",
      "text": "maximum density altitude best rate climb airspeed produce 100 feet per minute weight while clean configuration continuous power",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/servo/",
      "title": "Servo",
      "text": "motor form actuator which receives small signal control device exerts large force accomplish desired work",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/servo-tab/",
      "title": "Servo tab",
      "text": "auxiliary control mounted primary surface which automatically moves direction opposite provide aerodynamic assist movement",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/severe-weather-avoidance-plan-swap/",
      "title": "Severe Weather Avoidance Plan (SWAP)",
      "text": "approved plan minimize affect severe weather traffic flows impacted terminal andor artcc areas swap normally implemented provide least disruption atc system flight portions airspace difficult impossible due",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/severe-weather-forecast-alerts/",
      "title": "Severe Weather Forecast Alerts",
      "text": "preliminary messages issued order alert users that severe weather watch bulletin ww being these define areas possible thunderstorms tornado activity are unscheduled required by storm prediction center spc norman oklahoma",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/short-range-clearance/",
      "title": "Short Range Clearance",
      "text": "clearance issued departing ifr flight which authorizes specific fix short destination while air traffic control facilities are coordinating obtaining complete",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/short-takeoff-and-landing-aircraft-stol/",
      "title": "Short Takeoff And Landing Aircraft (STOL)",
      "text": "aircraft which weight within its approved operating capable runway compliance applicable stol characteristics airworthiness operations noise pollution standards",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/sidestep-maneuver/",
      "title": "Sidestep Maneuver",
      "text": "visual maneuver accomplished by pilot completion instrument approach permit straight landing parallel runway 1200 feet either side which conducted",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/sigmet-ws/",
      "title": "SIGMET (WS)",
      "text": "weather advisory issued concerning significant safety aircraft sigmet advisories cover severe extreme turbulence icing widespread dust sandstorms that reduce visibility less miles pcg definition acronym meteorological information abbreviated plain language occurrence expected potentially hazardous en route phenomena may affect operations warning hence highest priority among types provided aviation users phak",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/sigmet-information-[icao]/",
      "title": "SIGMET Information [ICAO]",
      "text": "information issued by meteorological watch office concerning occurrence expected specified en route weather phenomena which may affect safety aircraft operations",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/signal-to-noise-ratio/",
      "title": "Signal-to-noise ratio",
      "text": "indication signal strength received compared background noise which measure adequacy",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/significant-meteorological-information/",
      "title": "Significant Meteorological Information",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/significant-point/",
      "title": "Significant Point",
      "text": "point whether named intersection navaid fix derived navaids geographical coordinate expressed degrees latitude longitude which established purpose providing separation reporting delineate route flight",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/significant-weather-prognostic/",
      "title": "Significant weather prognostic",
      "text": "presents four panels showing forecast significant weather",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/simplex/",
      "title": "Simplex",
      "text": "transmission reception frequency",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/simplified-directional-facility-sdf/",
      "title": "Simplified directional facility (SDF)",
      "text": "navaid used nonprecision instrument approaches final approach course similar that ils localizer however sdf may offset runway generally wider resulting lower degree accuracy",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/simulated-flameout-sfo/",
      "title": "Simulated Flameout (SFO)",
      "text": "practice approach by jet aircraft normally military idle thrust runway may start high key continue relatively wide downwind leg continuous turn final terminates landing low purpose simulate flameout",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/simultaneous-converging-dependent-approaches/",
      "title": "Simultaneous (converging) Dependent Approaches",
      "text": "approach operation permitting ilsrnavgls approaches runways missed courses that intersect required minimum spacing aircraft final course",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/simultaneous-converging-independent-approaches/",
      "title": "Simultaneous (converging) Independent Approaches",
      "text": "approach operation permitting ilsrnavgls approaches non parallel runways procedure design maintains required aircraft spacing throughout missed hence operations may conducted independently",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/simultaneous-parallel-dependent-approaches/",
      "title": "Simultaneous (parallel) Dependent Approaches",
      "text": "approach operation permitting ilsrnavgls approaches adjacent parallel runways prescribed diagonal spacing must maintained aircraft are permitted pass simultaneous dependent operations integral parts total system atc procedures appropriate airborne ground based equipment",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/simultaneous-close-parallel-approaches/",
      "title": "Simultaneous Close Parallel Approaches",
      "text": "simultaneous independent approach operation permitting ilsrnavgls approaches airports having parallel runways separated by least 3000 feet less 4300 centerlines aircraft are permitted pass these operations integral parts total system radar ntz monitoring enhanced fma color displays that include aural visual alerts predictive position software communications override atc procedures attention users page aaup prm name appropriate ground based airborne equipment high update rate surveillance sensor required certain runway course separations",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/simultaneous-ils-approaches/",
      "title": "Simultaneous ILS Approaches",
      "text": "approach system permitting simultaneous ils approaches airports having parallel runways separated by least 4300 feet centerlines integral parts total are radar communications atc procedures appropriate airborne equipment",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/simultaneous-offset-instrument-approach-soia/",
      "title": "Simultaneous Offset Instrument Approach (SOIA)",
      "text": "instrument landing system comprised ils prm rnav gls approach one runway offset lda glideslope utilizing vertical guidance another parallel spaced less 3000 feet least 750 apart courses converge by 25 degrees simultaneous close procedures apply point course separation becomes map threshold visual aircraft conducting utilized",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/single-direction-routes/",
      "title": "Single Direction Routes",
      "text": "preferred ifr routes which are sometimes depicted high altitude en route charts normally flown one direction",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/single-frequency-approach-sfa/",
      "title": "Single Frequency Approach (SFA)",
      "text": "service provided letter agreement military single piloted turbojet aircraft which permits use uhf frequency approach landing pilots normally required change beginning touchdown except that conducting en route descent are control transferred air traffic center terminal facility abbreviation sfa dod flip ifr supplement communications indicates available aerodrome",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/single-pilot-resource-management-srm/",
      "title": "Single-pilot resource management (SRM)",
      "text": "ability pilot manage resources effectively ensure outcome flight successful",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/single-piloted-aircraft/",
      "title": "Single-Piloted Aircraft",
      "text": "military turbojet aircraft possessing one set flight controls tandem cockpits two sets operated by pilot considered single piloted atc determining appropriate air traffic service applied",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/situational-awareness/",
      "title": "Situational awareness",
      "text": "pilot knowledge aircraft regard location air traffic control weather regulations status factors that may affect flight",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/skidding-turn/",
      "title": "Skidding turn",
      "text": "uncoordinated turn which rate great angle bank pulling aircraft outside",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/skills-and-procedures/",
      "title": "Skills and procedures",
      "text": "procedural psychomotor perceptual skills used control specific aircraft its systems they are airmanship abilities that gained conventional training perfected become almost automatic experience",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/skin-friction-drag/",
      "title": "Skin friction drag",
      "text": "drag generated air molecules solid surface aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/skyspotter/",
      "title": "SKYSPOTTER",
      "text": "pilot who received specialized training observing reporting inflight weather phenomena",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/slant-range/",
      "title": "Slant range",
      "text": "horizontal distance aircraft antenna ground station due line sight transmission dme signal",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/slash/",
      "title": "Slash",
      "text": "radar beacon reply displayed elongated target",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/slaved-compass/",
      "title": "Slaved compass",
      "text": "system whereby heading gyro slaved continuously corrected bring its direction readings agreement remotely located magnetic sensing device usually flux valve gate compass",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/slippery-when-wet/",
      "title": "Slippery when wet",
      "text": "wet runway surface friction characteristics would indicate diminished braking action compared normal",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/slipping-turn/",
      "title": "Slipping turn",
      "text": "uncoordinated turn which aircraft banked much rate horizontal lift component greater centrifugal force pulling toward inside",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/slot-time/",
      "title": "Slot Time",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/slow-taxi/",
      "title": "Slow Taxi",
      "text": "taxi float plane low power rpm",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/slush/",
      "title": "Slush",
      "text": "snow that water content exceeding freely drained condition takes fluid properties eg flowing splashing drain slush handful picked type saturated displaced splatter by heel toe slap motion against ground",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/slush-over-ice/",
      "title": "Slush Over Ice",
      "text": "snow that water content exceeding freely drained condition takes fluid properties eg flowing splashing solid form frozen",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/small-aircraft/",
      "title": "Small aircraft",
      "text": "aircraft 12500 pounds less maximum certificated takeoff weight",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/small-airplane/",
      "title": "Small airplane",
      "text": "airplane 12500 pounds less maximum certificated takeoff weight",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/somatogravic-illusion/",
      "title": "Somatogravic illusion",
      "text": "misperception being nose attitude caused by rapid acceleration deceleration while flight situations that lack visual reference",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/space-based-ads-b-sba/",
      "title": "Space-Based ADS-B (SBA)",
      "text": "constellation satellites that receives ads b broadcasts relays information appropriate surveillance facility currently deployed sba system capable receiving 1090es equipped aircraft universal access transceiver uat also top fuselage mounted transponder antenna required tcas ii installations better received by especially latitudes 45 degrees",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/spatial-disorientation/",
      "title": "Spatial disorientation",
      "text": "state confusion due misleading information being sent brain various sensory organs resulting lack awareness aircraft position relation specific reference point",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/speak-slower/",
      "title": "Speak Slower",
      "text": "used verbal communications request reduce speech rate",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/special-government-interest-sgi/",
      "title": "Special Government Interest (SGI)",
      "text": "near realtime airspace authorization part 91 107 uas which supports activities that answer significant urgent governmental interests these include national defense homeland security law enforcement emergency operations objectives",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/special-activity-airspace-saa/",
      "title": "Special Activity Airspace (SAA)",
      "text": "airspace defined dimensions within national system wherein limitations may imposed upon operations defense homeland security public interest safety special activity includes limited following air traffic control assigned atcaa altitude reservations altrv military training routes mtr refueling tracks anchors temporary flight restrictions tfr instructions ssi etc use sua subset",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/special-air-traffic-rules-satr/",
      "title": "Special Air Traffic Rules (SATR)",
      "text": "rules that govern procedures conducting flights certain areas listed 14 cfr part 93 term satr used united states describe operations specific designated code federal regulations",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/special-emergency/",
      "title": "Special Emergency",
      "text": "condition air piracy hostile act by persons aboard aircraft which threatens safety its passengers",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/special-flight-permit/",
      "title": "Special flight permit",
      "text": "flight permit issued aircraft that does meet airworthiness requirements capable safe special move purposes maintenance repair buyer delivery manufacturer tests evacuation danger customer demonstration also referred ferry",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/special-flight-rules-area-sfra/",
      "title": "Special Flight Rules Area (SFRA)",
      "text": "area nas described 14 cfr part 93 wherein flight aircraft subject specialtraffic rules unless otherwise authorized by air traffic control areas listed are designated sfra special apply",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/special-fuel-consumption/",
      "title": "Special fuel consumption",
      "text": "amount fuel pounds per hour consumed required by engine brake horsepower pound thrust",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/special-instrument-approach-procedure/",
      "title": "Special Instrument Approach Procedure",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/special-use-airspace/",
      "title": "Special Use Airspace",
      "text": "airspace defined dimensions identified by area surface earth wherein activities must confined because their nature andor limitations may imposed upon aircraft operations that are part types special use alert which contain high volume pilot training unusual type aerial activity neither hazardous areas depicted aeronautical charts information nonparticipating pilots within conducted accordance federal aviation regulations participating well transiting equally responsible collision avoidance controlled firing conditions eliminate hazards ensure safety persons property ground military moa permanent temporary moas established outside class separate segregate certain nonhazardous ifr traffic identify vfr these sectional terminal applicable en route low altitude note charted refer aim prohibited designated 14 cfr 73 person operate permission using agency restricted flight while wholly subject restriction joint ifrvfr authorized controlling atc facility being utilized name also shown warning extending nautical miles outward coast united states contains purpose warn potential danger located domestic international waters",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/special-vfr-svfr-conditions/",
      "title": "Special VFR (SVFR) Conditions",
      "text": "meteorological conditions that are less required basic vfr flight controlled airspace which aircraft permitted visual rules far definition class b c d e surface areas pcg",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/special-vfr-svfr-operations/",
      "title": "Special VFR (SVFR) Operations",
      "text": "aircraft operating accordance clearances within controlled airspace meteorological conditions less basic vfr weather minima operations must requested by pilot approved atc far definition class b c d e surface areas pcg",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/special-vfr-flight-svfr-[icao]/",
      "title": "Special VFR Flight (SVFR) [ICAO]",
      "text": "vfr flight cleared by air traffic control operate within class b c d e surface areas metrological conditions vmc",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/speed/",
      "title": "Speed",
      "text": "distance traveled given time",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/speed-adjustment/",
      "title": "Speed Adjustment",
      "text": "atc procedure used request pilots adjust aircraft speed specific value purpose providing desired spacing are expected maintain plus minus 10 knots 002 mach number specified examples adjustments increasereduce point",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/speed-brakes/",
      "title": "Speed Brakes",
      "text": "moveable aerodynamic devices aircraft that reduce airspeed descent landing",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/speed-segments/",
      "title": "Speed Segments",
      "text": "portions arrival route transition point vertex along optimum flight path which speeds altitudes are specified one set speed segments adapted may contain six",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/spin/",
      "title": "Spin",
      "text": "aggravated stall that results airplane descending helical corkscrew path",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/spiral-instability/",
      "title": "Spiral instability",
      "text": "condition that exists static directional stability airplane strong compared effect its dihedral maintaining lateral equilibrium",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/spiraling-slipstream/",
      "title": "Spiraling slipstream",
      "text": "slipstream propeller driven airplane rotates around strikes left side vertical fin causing aircraft yaw slightly rudder offset sometimes used by designers counteract tendency",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/spoilers/",
      "title": "Spoilers",
      "text": "high drag devices that raised air flowing airfoil reducing lift increasing spoilers are used roll control aircraft deploying wings time allows descend gaining speed also shorten ground landing",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/spoofing/",
      "title": "Spoofing",
      "text": "denotes emissions gnss like signals that may acquired tracked combination instead intended by civil receivers onset spoofing effects instantaneous delayed persist ended result false potentially confusing hazardously misleading position navigation andor datetime information addition loss use",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/squawk-mode-code-function/",
      "title": "SQUAWK (Mode, Code, Function)",
      "text": "used by atc instruct pilot activate aircraft transponder ads b altitude reporting enabled military specific modes codes functions examples squawk five seven zero threealpha two one",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ssals/",
      "title": "SSALS",
      "text": "simplified short approach light system",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ssalsr/",
      "title": "SSALSR",
      "text": "simplified short approach light system runway alignment indicator lights",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/st-elmos-fire/",
      "title": "St. Elmo’s Fire",
      "text": "corona discharge which lights aircraft surface areas maximum static occurs",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/stabilator/",
      "title": "Stabilator",
      "text": "single piece horizontal tail surface airplane that pivots around central hinge point stabilator serves purposes stabilizer elevators",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/stability/",
      "title": "Stability",
      "text": "inherent quality airplane correct conditions that may disturb its equilibrium return continue original flight path primarily design characteristic",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/staging-queuing/",
      "title": "Staging/Queuing",
      "text": "placement integration segregation departure aircraft designated movement areas airport by fix edct andor restriction",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/stagnant-hypoxia/",
      "title": "Stagnant hypoxia",
      "text": "type hypoxia that results oxygen rich blood lungs moving tissues need",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/stall/",
      "title": "Stall",
      "text": "rapid decrease lift caused by separation airflow wings surface brought exceeding critical angle attack stall occur pitch attitude airspeed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/stand-by/",
      "title": "STAND BY",
      "text": "means controller pilot must pause seconds usually attend duties higher priority also wait stand by clearance caller reestablish contact delay lengthy approval denial",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/standard-atmosphere/",
      "title": "Standard atmosphere",
      "text": "atmosphere defined us standard 1962 geopotential altitude tables far definition sea level consists barometric pressure 2992 inches mercury hg 10132 millibars temperature 15 c 59 f normally decrease increases lapse rate lower 1000 feet approximately 2c 35f example 3000 mean msl are 2692hg 2992hg 3hg 9c 15c 6c phak",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/standard-empty-weight-gama/",
      "title": "Standard empty weight (GAMA)",
      "text": "weight consists airframe engines items operating equipment that have fixed locations are permanently installed airplane including ballast hydraulic fluid unusable fuel full engine oil",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/standard-holding-pattern/",
      "title": "Standard holding pattern",
      "text": "holding pattern which turns are made right",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/standard-instrument-approach-procedure-siap/",
      "title": "STANDARD Instrument Approach Procedure (SIAP)",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/standard-instrument-departure-sid/",
      "title": "Standard Instrument Departure (SID)",
      "text": "preplanned instrument flight rule ifr air traffic control atc departure procedure printed pilotcontroller use graphic form provide obstacle clearance transition terminal area appropriate en route structure sids are primarily designed system enhancement expedite flow reduce workload must always received prior flying sid",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/standard-instrument-departure-procedures-sids/",
      "title": "Standard instrument departure procedures (SIDS)",
      "text": "published procedures expedite clearance delivery facilitate transition takeoff en route operations",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/standard-rate-turn/",
      "title": "Standard Rate Turn",
      "text": "turn three degrees per second pcg definition which aircraft changes its direction rate 360 minutes low medium speed high standard phak",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/standard-service-volume-ssv/",
      "title": "Standard service volume (SSV)",
      "text": "defines limits volume airspace which vor serves",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/standard-terminal-arrival-star/",
      "title": "Standard Terminal Arrival (STAR)",
      "text": "preplanned instrument flight rule ifr air traffic control arrival procedure published pilot use graphic andor textual form stars provide transition en route structure outer fix approach fixarrival waypoint terminal area",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/standard-terminal-arrival-charts/",
      "title": "Standard Terminal Arrival Charts",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/standard-terminal-arrival-route-star/",
      "title": "Standard terminal arrival route (STAR)",
      "text": "preplanned ifr atc arrival procedure published pilot use graphic andor textual form",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/standard-terminal-automation-replacement-system-stars/",
      "title": "Standard Terminal Automation Replacement System (STARS)",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/standard-weights/",
      "title": "Standard weights",
      "text": "weights established numerous items involved weight balance computations these used actual are available",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/state-aircraft/",
      "title": "State Aircraft",
      "text": "aircraft used military customs police service exclusive government political subdivision thereof including state territory possession united states district columbia owned engaged carrying persons property commercial purposes",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/static-longitudinal-stability/",
      "title": "Static longitudinal stability",
      "text": "aerodynamic pitching moments required return aircraft equilibrium angle attack",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/static-pressure/",
      "title": "Static pressure",
      "text": "pressure air that still moving measured perpendicular surface aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/static-restrictions/",
      "title": "Static Restrictions",
      "text": "restrictions that are usually subject change fixed place andor published",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/static-stability/",
      "title": "Static stability",
      "text": "initial tendency aircraft displays disturbed state equilibrium",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/station/",
      "title": "Station",
      "text": "location airplane that identified by number designating its distance inches datum therefore station zero item located 50 would have arm",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/stationary-altitude-reservation-stnr-alt-reservation/",
      "title": "Stationary Altitude Reservation (STNR ALT RESERVATION)",
      "text": "altitude reservation which encompasses activities fixed area stationary altrvs may include special tests weapons systems equipment certain us navy carrier fleet anti submarine operations rocket missile drone aerial refueling similar",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/stationary-front/",
      "title": "Stationary front",
      "text": "front that moving speed less knots",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/steep-turns/",
      "title": "Steep turns",
      "text": "instrument flight turn greater standard rate visual anything 45 bank",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/step-taxi/",
      "title": "Step Taxi",
      "text": "taxi float plane full power high rpm",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/step-turn/",
      "title": "Step Turn",
      "text": "maneuver used put float plane planing configuration prior entering active sea lane takeoff step turn upon pilot request",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/stepdown-fix/",
      "title": "Stepdown Fix",
      "text": "fix permitting additional descent within segment instrument approach procedure by identifying point which controlling obstacle been safely overflown",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/stereo-route/",
      "title": "Stereo Route",
      "text": "routinely used route flight established by users artccs identified coded name eg alpha these routes minimize plan handling communications",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/stol-aircraft/",
      "title": "STOL Aircraft",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/stop-altitude-squawk/",
      "title": "Stop Altitude Squawk",
      "text": "used by atc instruct pilot turn automatic altitude reporting feature aircraft transponder ads b issued verbally reported varies 300 feet report",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/stop-and-go/",
      "title": "Stop And Go",
      "text": "procedure wherein aircraft land make complete stop runway commence takeoff that point",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/stop-burst/",
      "title": "Stop Burst",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/stop-buzzer/",
      "title": "Stop Buzzer",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/stop-squawk-mode-or-code/",
      "title": "Stop Squawk (mode or code)",
      "text": "used by atc instruct pilot stop transponder ads b transmissions turn specified functions aircraft military",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/stop-stream/",
      "title": "Stop Stream",
      "text": "used by atc request pilot suspend electronic attack activity",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/stopover-flight-plan/",
      "title": "Stopover Flight Plan",
      "text": "flight plan format which permits single submission filing sequence plans interim full stop destinations final destination",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/stopway/",
      "title": "Stopway",
      "text": "area beyond takeoff runway less wide centered upon extended centerline able support airplane aborted causing structural damage designated by airport authorities use decelerating",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/straight-in-approach-ifr/",
      "title": "Straight-In Approach IFR",
      "text": "instrument approach wherein final begun first having executed procedure turn necessarily completed straight landing made minimums",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/straight-in-approach-vfr/",
      "title": "Straight-In Approach VFR",
      "text": "entry traffic pattern by interception extended runway centerline final approach course executing portion",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/straight-in-landing/",
      "title": "Straight-In Landing",
      "text": "landing made runway aligned within 30 final approach course following completion instrument",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/straight-in-landing-minimums/",
      "title": "Straight-In Landing Minimums",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/straight-in-minimums/",
      "title": "Straight-In Minimums",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/strapdown-system/",
      "title": "Strapdown system",
      "text": "ins which accelerometers gyros are permanently strapped aligned three axes aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/strategic-planning/",
      "title": "Strategic Planning",
      "text": "planning whereby solutions are sought resolve potential conflicts",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/stratoshere/",
      "title": "Stratoshere",
      "text": "layer atmosphere tropopause extending height approximately 160000 feet",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/stress/",
      "title": "Stress",
      "text": "bodys response demands placed upon",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/stress-management/",
      "title": "Stress management",
      "text": "personal analysis kinds stress experienced while flying application appropriate assessment tools coping mechanisms",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/structural-icing/",
      "title": "Structural icing",
      "text": "accumulation ice exterior aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/sublimation/",
      "title": "Sublimation",
      "text": "process by which solid changed gas going liquid state",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/substitute-route/",
      "title": "Substitute Route",
      "text": "route assigned pilots part airway unusable because navaid status these routes consist substitute which are shown us government charts defined by atc specific radials courses direct navaids",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/suction-relief-valve/",
      "title": "Suction relief valve",
      "text": "relief valve instrument vacuum system required maintain correct low pressure inside case proper operation gyros",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/suitable-rnav-system/",
      "title": "Suitable RNAV system",
      "text": "rnav system that meets required performance established type operation eg ifr suitable route flown terms criteria including accuracy by air navigation service provider certain routes oceanic ats iaps systems suitability dependent upon availability ground andor satellite aids are needed meet may prescribed specifications navigate aircraft along information published faa guidance material",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/sunset-and-sunrise/",
      "title": "Sunset And Sunrise",
      "text": "mean solar times sunset sunrise published nautical almanac converted local standard time locality concerned within alaska end evening civil twilight beginning morning defined",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/supercharger/",
      "title": "Supercharger",
      "text": "engine exhaust driven air compressor used provide additional pressure induction produce power",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/supercooled-water-droplets/",
      "title": "Supercooled water droplets",
      "text": "water droplets that have been cooled freezing point are still liquid state",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/supplemental-operation/",
      "title": "Supplemental operation",
      "text": "common carriage operation compensation hire conducted airplane described paragraph definition that type airplanes having passenger seat configuration 30 seats excluding crewmember ii payload capacity 7500 pounds iii propeller powered less 31 also used domestic flag operations listed specifications required by 11949a4 chapter iv turbojet types which departure time location arrival are specifically negotiated customer customers representative cargo carrying public charter part 380",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/supplemental-weather-service-location-swsl/",
      "title": "Supplemental Weather Service Location (SWSL)",
      "text": "airport facilities staffed contractpersonnel who take weather observations provide current local pilots via telephone radio services are provided by parent fss",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/supps/",
      "title": "SUPPS",
      "text": "refers icao document 7030 regional supplementary procedures supps contain region which are unique that covered worldwide provisions identified air navigation plan contained chapter based part published",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/surface-analysis-chart/",
      "title": "Surface analysis chart",
      "text": "report that depicts analysis current surface weather shows areas high low pressure fronts temperatures dewpoints wind directions speeds local visual obstructions",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/surface-area/",
      "title": "Surface Area",
      "text": "airspace contained by lateral boundary class b c d e designated airport that begins surface extends upward",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/surpic/",
      "title": "SURPIC",
      "text": "description surface vessels area search rescue incident including their predicted positions characteristics",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/surveillance-approach/",
      "title": "Surveillance Approach",
      "text": "instrument approach wherein air traffic controller issues instructions pilot compliance based aircraft position relation final course azimuth distance range end runway displayed controllers radar scope provide recommended altitudes requested by",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/synchro/",
      "title": "Synchro",
      "text": "device used transmit indications angular movement position one location another",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/synthetic-vision/",
      "title": "Synthetic vision",
      "text": "computer generated image external scene topography perspective flight deck that derived aircraft attitude high precision navigation solution database terrain obstacles relevant cultural features",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/system-strategic-navigation-sn/",
      "title": "System Strategic Navigation (SN)",
      "text": "military activity accomplished by navigating along preplanned route using internal aircraft systems maintain desired track normally requires lateral width 10 nm altitude range 1000 feet 6000 agl segments that permit terrain following",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/t-tail/",
      "title": "T-tail",
      "text": "aircraft horizontal stabilizer mounted top vertical forming",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/tacan-only-aircraft/",
      "title": "TACAN-Only Aircraft",
      "text": "aircraft normally military possessing tacan dme vor navigational system capability clearances must specify vortac fixes approaches",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/tactical-air-navigation-tacan/",
      "title": "Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN)",
      "text": "ultra high frequency electronic rho theta air navigation aid which provides suitably equipped aircraft continuous indication bearing distance tacan station pcg definition system used by military providing direction information phak",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/tailwind/",
      "title": "Tailwind",
      "text": "wind 90 degrees longitudinal axis runway magnetic direction shall used basis determining",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/takeoff-area/",
      "title": "Takeoff Area",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/takeoff-distance/",
      "title": "Takeoff distance",
      "text": "distance required complete engines operative takeoff 35 foot height must least 15 percent less one engine inoperative normally limiting factor usually",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/takeoff-distance-available-toda/",
      "title": "Takeoff Distance Available (TODA)",
      "text": "takeoff run available plus length remaining runway clearway beyond far end",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/takeoff-distance-available-[icao]/",
      "title": "Takeoff Distance Available [ICAO]",
      "text": "length takeoff run available plus clearway provided",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/takeoff-hold-lights-thl/",
      "title": "Takeoff Hold Lights (THL)",
      "text": "thl system composed pavement lighting double longitudinal row lights aligned either side runway centerline are focused toward arrival end line wait point they extend 1500 feet front holding aircraft illuminated red indicate position takeoff rolling that unsafe because occupied by vehicle",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/takeoff-power/",
      "title": "Takeoff power",
      "text": "respect reciprocating engines means brake horsepower that developed standard sea level conditions maximum crankshaft rotational speed engine manifold pressure approved normal takeoff limited continuous use period time shown specification turbine static specified altitude atmospheric temperature rotor shaft gas",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/takeoff-roll/",
      "title": "Takeoff Roll",
      "text": "process whereby aircraft aligned runway centerline moving intent take helicopters pertains act becoming airborne departing takeoff area",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/takeoff-run-available-tora/",
      "title": "Takeoff Run Available (TORA)",
      "text": "runway length declared available suitable ground run airplane taking",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/takeoff-run-available-[icao]/",
      "title": "Takeoff Run Available [ICAO]",
      "text": "length runway declared available suitable ground run aeroplane take",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/takeoff-safety-speed-v2/",
      "title": "Takeoff safety speed (V2)",
      "text": "referenced airspeed obtained lift which required one engine inoperative climb performance achieved",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/takeoff-thrust/",
      "title": "Takeoff thrust",
      "text": "respect turbine engines means jet thrust that developed static conditions specific altitude atmospheric temperature maximum rotorshaft rotational speed gas approved normal takeoff limited continuous use period time shown engine specification",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/tandem-wing-configuration/",
      "title": "Tandem wing configuration",
      "text": "configuration having two wings similar span mounted tandem",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/target/",
      "title": "Target",
      "text": "indication shown display resulting primary radar return beacon reply ads b report specific target symbol presented atc may vary based surveillance source automation platform",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/target-[icao]/",
      "title": "Target [ICAO]",
      "text": "radar generally discrete object which reflects retransmits energy back equipment specifically search surveillance",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/target-resolution/",
      "title": "Target Resolution",
      "text": "process ensure that correlated radar targets touch target resolution must applied follows edges two primary asr 911 symbol end beacon control slash edge ends slashes note mandatory traffic advisories safety alerts issued procedure used utilizing mosaic systems multi sensor mode",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/target-symbol/",
      "title": "Target Symbol",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/tarmac-delay/",
      "title": "Tarmac Delay",
      "text": "holding aircraft ground either departure landing opportunity its passengers deplane",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/tarmac-delay-aircraft/",
      "title": "Tarmac Delay Aircraft",
      "text": "aircraft whose pilot command requested taxi ramp gate alternate deplaning area comply three hour tarmac rule",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/tarmac-delay-request/",
      "title": "Tarmac Delay Request",
      "text": "request by pilot command taxi ramp gate alternate deplaning location comply three hour tarmac rule",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/taxi/",
      "title": "Taxi",
      "text": "movement airplane its power surface airport 14 cfr section 135100 note also describes helicopters equipped wheels",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/taxi-patterns/",
      "title": "Taxi Patterns",
      "text": "patterns established illustrate desired flow ground traffic different runways airport areas available use",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/taxiway-lights/",
      "title": "Taxiway lights",
      "text": "omnidirectional lights that outline edges taxiway are blue color",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/taxiway-turnoff-lights/",
      "title": "Taxiway turnoff lights",
      "text": "lights that are flush runway which emit steady green color",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/tcas/",
      "title": "TCAS",
      "text": "means traffic alert collision avoidance system",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/tcas-i/",
      "title": "TCAS I",
      "text": "means tcas that utilizes interrogations replies airborne radar beacon transponders provides traffic advisories pilot",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/tcas-ii/",
      "title": "TCAS II",
      "text": "means tcas that utilizes interrogations replies airborne radar beacon transponders provides traffic advisories resolution vertical plane",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/tcas-iii/",
      "title": "TCAS III",
      "text": "means tcas that utilizes interrogation replies airborne radar beacon transponders provides traffic advisories resolution vertical horizontal planes pilot",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/technique/",
      "title": "Technique",
      "text": "manner which procedures are executed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/telephone-information-briefing-service-tibs/",
      "title": "Telephone information briefing service (TIBS)",
      "text": "fss service providing continuously updated automated telephone recordings area andor route weather airspace procedures special aviation oriented announcements",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/temporary-flight-restriction-tfr/",
      "title": "Temporary Flight Restriction (TFR)",
      "text": "tfr regulatory action issued by faa via us notam system authority united states code title 49 tfrs are within sovereign airspace its territories restrict certain aircraft operating defined area temporary basis protect persons property air ground while inclusive may disaster hazard situations toxic gas leaks spills fumes flammable agents accidentincident sites aviation resources engaged wildfire suppression relief activities following also support vip movements reasons national security determined necessary management traffic vicinity aerial demonstrations major sporting events nas users interested parties contact fss information additionally found automated briefings publications internet httpwwwfaagov distributes user groups dissemination pcg definition restriction flight imposed order surface existing imminent associated provide safe environment operation prevent unsafe congestion sightseeing incident president vice public figures space agency operations pilots expected check appropriate notams planning conducting effect phak",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/tension/",
      "title": "Tension",
      "text": "maintaining excessively strong grip control column usually resulting overcontrolled situation",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/tentative-calculated-landing-time-tclt/",
      "title": "Tentative Calculated Landing Time (TCLT)",
      "text": "projected time calculated adapted vertex arrival aircraft based upon runway configuration airport acceptance rate delay period metered either vta tcltaclt previous plus aai whichever later updated response aircrafts progress its current relationship arrivals",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/terminal-aerodrome-forecast-taf/",
      "title": "Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF)",
      "text": "report established statute mile radius around airport utilizes descriptors abbreviations metar",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/terminal-area/",
      "title": "Terminal Area",
      "text": "general term used describe airspace which approach control service airport traffic provided",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/terminal-area-facility/",
      "title": "Terminal Area Facility",
      "text": "facility providing air traffic control service arriving departing ifr vfr special occasion en route aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/terminal-arrival-area-taa/",
      "title": "Terminal arrival area (TAA)",
      "text": "procedure provide new transition method arriving aircraft equipped fms andor gps navigational equipment taa contains structure that normally provides nopt using approach",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/terminal-automation-systems-tas/",
      "title": "Terminal Automation Systems (TAS)",
      "text": "tas used identify numerous automated tracking systems including arts iie iiia iiie stars mearts",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/terminal-data-link-system-tdls/",
      "title": "Terminal Data Link System (TDLS)",
      "text": "system that provides digital automatic terminal information service d atis specified radio frequency also subscribers text message via data link cockpit gate printer tdls pre departure clearances pdc selected airports provider addition emulate flight inputoutput fdio within control tower",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/terminal-instrument-approach-procedure-terp/",
      "title": "Terminal instrument approach procedure (TERP)",
      "text": "prescribes standardized methods use designing instrument flight procedures",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/terminal-radar-service-area-trsa/",
      "title": "Terminal Radar Service Area (TRSA)",
      "text": "airspace surrounding designated airports wherein atc provides radar vectoring sequencing separation full time basis ifr participating vfr aircraft aim contains explanation trsa trsas are depicted aeronautical charts pilot participation urged mandatory pcg definition areas pilots receive additional services purpose service provide operations phak",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/terminal-vfr-radar-service/",
      "title": "Terminal VFR Radar Service",
      "text": "national program instituted extend terminal radar services provided instrument flight rules ifr aircraft visual vfr divided four types service referred basic area trsa class b c type particular location contained chart supplement us these are by commissioned facilities includes safety alerts traffic advisories limited vectoring requested pilot sequencing locations procedures have been established purpose andor covered letter agreement adjust flow arriving pattern safe orderly manner provide departing provides addition participating primary airport separation operating within defined approved arrivals based weight airports",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/terminal-very-high-frequency-omnidirectional-range-station-tvor/",
      "title": "Terminal-Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range Station (TVOR)",
      "text": "high frequency terminal omnirange station located near airport used approach aid",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/terrain-awareness-warning-system-taws/",
      "title": "Terrain Awareness Warning System (TAWS)",
      "text": "board terrain proximity alerting system providing aircrew low altitude warnings allow immediate pilot action pcg definition timed based that provides information concerning potential hazards fixed objects by using gps positioning database obstructions provide true predictability upcoming obstacles phak",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/terrain-following/",
      "title": "Terrain Following",
      "text": "flight military aircraft maintaining constant agl altitude terrain highest obstruction constantly change varying andor",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/tetrahedron/",
      "title": "Tetrahedron",
      "text": "device normally located uncontrolled airports used landing direction indicator small end tetrahedron points controlled installed disregarded because tower instructions supersede",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/the-recreational-uas-safety-test-trust/",
      "title": "The Recreational Uas Safety Test (TRUST)",
      "text": "electronically administered free test required recreational uas operators referred aeronautical knowledge safety 49 usc 44809 g",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/that-is-correct/",
      "title": "That Is Correct",
      "text": "understanding have right",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/thermosphere/",
      "title": "Thermosphere",
      "text": "last layer atmosphere that begins mesosphere gradually fades away space",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/three-hour-tarmac-rule/",
      "title": "Three-Hour Tarmac Rule",
      "text": "rule that relates department transportation dot requirements placed airlines tarmac delays are anticipated reach hours",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/threshold/",
      "title": "Threshold",
      "text": "beginning that portion runway usable landing",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/threshold-crossing-height-tch/",
      "title": "Threshold Crossing Height (TCH)",
      "text": "theoretical height runway threshold which aircrafts glideslope antenna would aircraft maintains trajectory established by mean ils altitude calculated glidepath rnav gps approaches",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/threshold-lights/",
      "title": "Threshold Lights",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/thrust/",
      "title": "Thrust",
      "text": "force which imparts change velocity mass measured pounds element time rate term thrust required generally associated jet engines forward propels airplane air",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/thrust-aerodynamic-force/",
      "title": "Thrust (aerodynamic force)",
      "text": "forward aerodynamic force produced by propeller fan turbojet engine forces mass air rear behind aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/thrust-line/",
      "title": "Thrust line",
      "text": "imaginary line passing center propeller hub perpendicular plane rotation",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/tie-in-facility/",
      "title": "Tie-In Facility",
      "text": "fss primarily responsible providing services including telecommunications landing facilities navigational aids located within boundaries flight plan area fpa three letter identifiers are assigned fssfpa annotated tie chart supplement us alaska pacific faa order jo 73509 location large consolidated may have many sectors one facility",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/time-and-speed-table/",
      "title": "Time and speed table",
      "text": "table depicted instrument approach procedure chart that identifies distance faf map provides time required transit based various groundspeeds",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/time-based-flow-management-tbfm/",
      "title": "Time Based Flow Management (TBFM)",
      "text": "hardware software methods processes initiatives manage air traffic flows based time balance demand system capacity support management pbn includes limited adjacent center metering acm en route departure capability edc ground interval spacing gim integrated departurearrival idac single scm tbm scheduling tbs extendedcoupled",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/time-group/",
      "title": "Time Group",
      "text": "four digits representing hour minutes coordinated universal time utc clock faa uses operations term zulu may used denote word local zone equivalent shall given radio telephone communications written designator indicate eg 0205m mountain based 24 system day begins 0000 ends 2359",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/time-in-service/",
      "title": "Time in service",
      "text": "respect maintenance time records means moment aircraft leaves surface earth until touches next point landing",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/timed-turn/",
      "title": "Timed turn",
      "text": "turn which clock coordinator are used change heading definite number degrees given time",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/title-14-of-the-code-of-federal-regulations-14-cfr/",
      "title": "Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR)",
      "text": "includes federal aviation regulations governing operation aircraft airways airmen",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/top-altitude/",
      "title": "Top Altitude",
      "text": "reference sid published altitude restrictions charted maintain contained procedure description assigned by atc",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/torching/",
      "title": "Torching",
      "text": "burning fuel end exhaust pipe stack reciprocating aircraft engine result excessive richness air mixture",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/torque/",
      "title": "Torque",
      "text": "resistance turning twisting forces that produce rotating motion airplane tendency aircraft turn roll opposite direction rotation engine propeller helicopters single main rotor system helicopter",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/torquemeter/",
      "title": "Torquemeter",
      "text": "instrument used larger reciprocating engines turboprop turboshaft measure reaction propeller reduction gears engine case",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/toss/",
      "title": "TOSS",
      "text": "vmeans takeoff safety speed category rotorcraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/total-drag/",
      "title": "Total drag",
      "text": "sum parasite drag induced",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/total-estimated-elapsed-time-[icao]/",
      "title": "Total Estimated Elapsed Time [ICAO]",
      "text": "ifr flights estimated time required takeoff arrive that designated point defined by reference navigation aids which intended instrument approach procedure commenced aid associated destination aerodrome vfr",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/touch-and-go/",
      "title": "Touch-and-Go",
      "text": "operation by aircraft that lands departs runway stopping exiting",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/touch-and-go-landing/",
      "title": "Touch-and-Go Landing",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/touchdown/",
      "title": "Touchdown",
      "text": "point which aircraft first makes contact landing surface concerning precision radar approach par glide path intercepts",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/touchdown-[icao]/",
      "title": "Touchdown [ICAO]",
      "text": "point nominal glide path intercepts runway note touchdown defined datum necessarily actual which aircraft touch",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/touchdown-zone/",
      "title": "Touchdown Zone",
      "text": "first 3000 feet runway beginning threshold area used determination touchdown zone elevation development straight landing minimums instrument approaches",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/touchdown-zone-[icao]/",
      "title": "Touchdown Zone [ICAO]",
      "text": "portion runway beyond threshold intended landing aircraft first contact",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/touchdown-zone-elevation-tdze/",
      "title": "Touchdown Zone Elevation (TDZE)",
      "text": "highest elevation first 3000 feet landing surface tdze indicated instrument approach procedure chart straight minimums are authorized",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/touchdown-zone-lights-tdzl/",
      "title": "Touchdown Zone Lights (TDZL)",
      "text": "two rows transverse light bars disposed symmetrically runway centerline touchdown zone",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/tower/",
      "title": "Tower",
      "text": "terminal facility that uses airground communications visual signaling devices provide atc services aircraft operating vicinity airport movement area authorizes land takeoff controlled by tower transit class d airspace regardless flight plan weather conditions ifr vfr may also approach control radar nonradar",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/tower-en-route-control-service-tec/",
      "title": "Tower En Route Control Service (TEC)",
      "text": "control ifr en route traffic within delegated airspace two adjacent approach facilities designed expedite reduce pilot communication requirements",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/tower-to-tower/",
      "title": "Tower to Tower",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/traceable-pressure-standard/",
      "title": "Traceable Pressure Standard",
      "text": "facility station pressure instrument certificationcalibration traceable national institute standards technology may mercurial barometers commissioned asos dual transducer awos portable dasi",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/track/",
      "title": "Track",
      "text": "actual flight path aircraft surface earth",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/track-[icao]/",
      "title": "Track [ICAO]",
      "text": "projection earths surface path aircraft direction which point usually expressed degrees north true magnetic grid",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/track-of-interest-toi/",
      "title": "Track Of Interest (TOI)",
      "text": "displayed data representing airborne object that threatens potential threaten north america national security indicators may include are limited noncompliance air traffic control instructions aviation regulations extended loss communications unusual transmissions flight behavior unauthorized intrusion controlled airspace adiz issued restrictionssecurity procedures unlawful interference crews including hijack certain circumstances become toi based specific credible intelligence pertaining particular aircraftobject its passengers cargo",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/track-of-interest-resolution/",
      "title": "Track Of Interest Resolution",
      "text": "toi normally considered resolved aircraftobject longer airborne aircraft complies air traffic control instructions aviation regulations andor issued flight restrictionssecurity procedures radio contact re established authorized verified intercepted intent nonthreateningnonhostile identified based specific credible intelligence that later determined invalid unreliable displayed data characterized",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/tracking/",
      "title": "Tracking",
      "text": "flying heading that maintain desired track station regardless crosswind conditions",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/traffic/",
      "title": "TRAFFIC",
      "text": "term used by controller transfer radar identification aircraft another purpose coordinating separation action traffic normally issued response handoff point anticipation conjunction request control atc refer one",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/traffic-advisories/",
      "title": "Traffic Advisories",
      "text": "advisories issued alert pilots known observed air traffic which may proximity position intended route flight their aircraft warrant attention based visual observation radar identified nonidentified targets atc display verbal reports facilities note word followed by additional information used provide eg oclock one zero miles southbound eight thousand advisory service provided extent possible depending higher priority duties controller limitations volume frequency congestion workload radarnonradar relieve pilot hisher responsibility see avoid are cautioned that many times able give concerning aircrafts words requests receiving heshe assume",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/traffic-alert-aircraft-call-sign-turn-left-right-immediately-climb/descend-and-maintain-altitude/",
      "title": "TRAFFIC ALERT (aircraft call sign), TURN (left/right) IMMEDIATELY, (climb/descend) AND MAINTAIN (altitude)",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/traffic-alert-collision-avoidance-system-tcas/",
      "title": "Traffic Alert Collision Avoidance System (TCAS)",
      "text": "airborne collision avoidance system based radar beacon signals which operates independent ground equipment tcas generates traffic advisories ii resolution vertical plane pcg definition developed by faa that independently air control designed increase flight deck awareness proximate aircraft serve last line defense prevention midair collisions phak",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/traffic-in-sight/",
      "title": "TRAFFIC IN SIGHT",
      "text": "used by pilots inform controller that previously issued traffic sight",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/traffic-information/",
      "title": "Traffic Information",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/traffic-information-service-tis/",
      "title": "Traffic information service (TIS)",
      "text": "ground based service providing information flight deck via data link using mode transponder altitude encoder improve safety efficiency see avoid automatic display that informs pilot nearby traffic",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/traffic-information-service-broadcast-tis-b/",
      "title": "Traffic Information Service-Broadcast (TIS-B)",
      "text": "broadcast atc derived traffic information ads b equipped 1090es uat aircraft source ground based air surveillance sensors typically radar targets tis service available throughout nas are adequate coverage stations loss occur enters area covered by gbt network occurs nearby that remain within view first may continue inadequate",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/traffic-management-program-alert-tmpa/",
      "title": "Traffic Management Program Alert (TMPA)",
      "text": "term used notice air missions notam issued conjunction special traffic management program alert pilots existence refer either notices airmen publication advisory message details contraction tmpa text",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/traffic-management-unit-tmu/",
      "title": "Traffic Management Unit (TMU)",
      "text": "entity artccs designated terminals directly involved active management facility traffic usually direct supervision assistant manager",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/traffic-no-factor/",
      "title": "TRAFFIC NO FACTOR",
      "text": "indicates that traffic described previously issued advisory factor",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/traffic-no-longer-observed/",
      "title": "TRAFFIC NO LONGER OBSERVED",
      "text": "indicates that traffic described previously issued advisory longer depicted radar may still factor",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/traffic-pattern/",
      "title": "Traffic Pattern",
      "text": "traffic flow that prescribed aircraft landing taxiing taking airport components typical pattern are upwind leg crosswind downwind base final approach flight path parallel runway direction right angles its end opposite normally extends intersection extended centerline along making straight vfr also considered",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/traffic-situation-display-tsd/",
      "title": "Traffic Situation Display (TSD)",
      "text": "tsd computer system that receives radar track data 20 conus artccs organizes mosaic display presents screen allows traffic management coordinator multiple methods selection highlighting individual aircraft groups user option superimposing these positions number background displays options include artcc boundaries stratum en route sector fixes airways military special use airspace airports geopolitical by using monitor situations entire systemwide flows",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/trailing-edge/",
      "title": "Trailing edge",
      "text": "portion airfoil airflow upper surface rejoins lower",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/trajectory/",
      "title": "Trajectory",
      "text": "edst representation path aircraft predicted fly based upon current plan trial",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/trajectory-modeling/",
      "title": "Trajectory Modeling",
      "text": "automated process calculating trajectory",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/trajectory-options-set-tos/",
      "title": "Trajectory Options Set (TOS)",
      "text": "tos electronic message submitted by operator that used collaborative trajectory options program ctop manage airspace captured traffic management allow express route delay trade they are willing accept",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/transcribed-weather-broadcast-tweb/",
      "title": "Transcribed Weather Broadcast (TWEB)",
      "text": "continuous recording meteorological aeronautical information that broadcast lmf vor facilities pilots provided alaska",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/transfer-of-control/",
      "title": "Transfer Of Control",
      "text": "that action whereby responsibility separation aircraft transferred one controller another",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/transfer-of-control-[icao]/",
      "title": "Transfer Of Control [ICAO]",
      "text": "transfer responsibility providing air traffic control service",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/transferring-controller/",
      "title": "Transferring Controller",
      "text": "controllerfacility transferring control aircraft another",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/transferring-facility/",
      "title": "Transferring Facility",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/transferring-unit-controller-[icao]/",
      "title": "Transferring Unit/Controller [ICAO]",
      "text": "air traffic control unitair controller process transferring responsibility providing service aircraft next ie accepting unitcontroller along route flight",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/transition/",
      "title": "Transition",
      "text": "general term that describes change one phase flight condition another eg transition en route approach instrument visual published procedure dp used connect basic several airwaysjet routes star",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/transition-point/",
      "title": "Transition Point",
      "text": "point adapted number miles vertex which arrival aircraft would normally commence descent its en route altitude first fix speed segments",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/transition-waypoint/",
      "title": "Transition Waypoint",
      "text": "waypoint that defines beginning runway en route transition rnav sid star",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/transitional-airspace/",
      "title": "Transitional Airspace",
      "text": "that portion controlled airspace wherein aircraft change one phase flight condition another",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/transitional-hazard-area-tha/",
      "title": "Transitional Hazard Area (THA)",
      "text": "used by atc airspace normally associated aircraft hazard area within which flight subject restrictions",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/transmissometer/",
      "title": "Transmissometer",
      "text": "apparatus used determine visibility by measuring transmission light atmosphere measurement source determining runway visual range rvr",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/transmitting-in-the-blind/",
      "title": "Transmitting In The Blind",
      "text": "transmission one station stations circumstances two way communication cannot established believed that called may able receive",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/transponder/",
      "title": "Transponder",
      "text": "airborne radar beacon receivertransmitter portion air traffic control system atcrbs which automatically receives radio signals interrogators ground selectively replies specific reply pulse group interrogations being received mode set respond",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/transponder-[icao]/",
      "title": "Transponder [ICAO]",
      "text": "receivertransmitter which generate reply signal upon proper interrogation being different frequencies",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/transponder-code/",
      "title": "Transponder code",
      "text": "one 4096 four digit discrete codes atc assigns distinguish aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/transponder-codes/",
      "title": "Transponder Codes",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/transponder-observed/",
      "title": "Transponder Observed",
      "text": "phraseology used inform vfr pilot aircrafts assigned beacon code position have been observed specifically term conveys transponder reply its correlated transit designated area",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/trend/",
      "title": "Trend",
      "text": "immediate indication direction aircraft movement shown instruments",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/trial-plan/",
      "title": "Trial Plan",
      "text": "proposed amendment which utilizes automation analyze display potential conflicts along predicted trajectory selected aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/tricycle-gear/",
      "title": "Tricycle gear",
      "text": "landing gear employing third wheel located nose aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/trim/",
      "title": "Trim",
      "text": "adjust aerodynamic forces control surfaces that aircraft maintains set attitude input",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/trim-tab/",
      "title": "Trim tab",
      "text": "small auxiliary hinged portion movable control surface that adjusted flight position resulting balance forces",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/tropopause/",
      "title": "Tropopause",
      "text": "boundary layer troposphere stratosphere which acts lid confine water vapor associated weather",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/troposphere/",
      "title": "Troposphere",
      "text": "layer atmosphere extending surface height 20000 60000 feet depending latitude",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/true-airspeed-tas/",
      "title": "True airspeed (TAS)",
      "text": "airspeed aircraft relative undisturbed air true equal equivalent multiplied by 012 far definition actual determined applying correction pressure altitude temperature cas phak",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/true-altitude/",
      "title": "True altitude",
      "text": "vertical distance airplane sea levelthe actual altitude often expressed feet mean level msl airport terrain obstacle elevations aeronautical charts are true altitudes",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/truss/",
      "title": "Truss",
      "text": "fuselage design made supporting structural members that resist deformation by applied loads truss type constructed steel aluminum tubing strength rigidity achieved welding together series triangular shapes called trusses",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/tso/",
      "title": "TSO",
      "text": "technical standard order",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/turbine-discharge-pressure/",
      "title": "Turbine discharge pressure",
      "text": "total pressure discharge low turbine dual axial flow engine",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/turbine-engine/",
      "title": "Turbine engine",
      "text": "aircraft engine which consists air compressor combustion section turbine thrust produced by increasing velocity flowing",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/turbocharger/",
      "title": "Turbocharger",
      "text": "air compressor driven by exhaust gases which increases pressure going engine carburetor fuel injection system",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/turbofan-engine/",
      "title": "Turbofan engine",
      "text": "fanlike turbojet engine designed create additional thrust by diverting secondary airflow around combustion chamber",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/turbojet-aircraft/",
      "title": "Turbojet Aircraft",
      "text": "aircraft having jet engine which energy operates turbine turn air compressor",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/turbojet-engine/",
      "title": "Turbojet engine",
      "text": "turbine engine which produces its thrust entirely by accelerating air",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/turboprop-aircraft/",
      "title": "Turboprop Aircraft",
      "text": "aircraft having jet engine which energy operates turbine drives propeller",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/turboprop-engine/",
      "title": "Turboprop engine",
      "text": "turbine engine which drives propeller reduction gearing arrangement energy exhaust gases converted torque rather using its acceleration drive aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/turboshaft-engine/",
      "title": "Turboshaft engine",
      "text": "gas turbine engine that delivers power shaft operate something propeller",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/turbulence/",
      "title": "Turbulence",
      "text": "atmospheric phenomenon that causes changes aircraft altitude attitude airspeed reaction depending intensity pilots report turbulence according aircrafts follows light slight erratic pitch roll yaw moderate similar greater occur remains positive control times usually variations indicated severe large abrupt may momentarily extreme violently tossed practically impossible cause structural damage",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/turn-anticipation/",
      "title": "Turn Anticipation",
      "text": "maneuver anticipation",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/turn-coordinator/",
      "title": "Turn coordinator",
      "text": "rate gyro that senses roll yaw due gimbal being canted largely replaced turn slip indicator modern aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/turn-and-slip-indicator/",
      "title": "Turn-and-slip indicator",
      "text": "flight instrument consisting rate gyro indicate yaw curved glass inclinometer relationship gravity centrifugal force turn slip indicator indicates angle bank also called",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/two-way-radio-communications-failure/",
      "title": "Two-Way Radio Communications Failure",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/type/",
      "title": "Type",
      "text": "used respect certification ratings privileges limitations airmen means specific make basic model aircraft including modifications thereto that change its handling flight characteristics examples include dc 1049 f 27 which are similar design 7c 1049g 1049h 27f engines example jt8d type jt9d 3a",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/uas-facility-map-uasfm/",
      "title": "UAS Facility Map (UASFM)",
      "text": "defined grid squares showing maximum altitudes around airports faa may authorize part 107 suas operations additional safety analysis maps consulted prior conducting uas 91 section 44809 controlled airspace uasfm aid determining authorization waivers are necessary uasfms charted data delivery system udds website address",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/uas-test-site/",
      "title": "UAS Test Site",
      "text": "independently owned uas test research sites recognized by faa",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ultimate-load-factor/",
      "title": "Ultimate load factor",
      "text": "stress analysis load that causes physical breakdown aircraft component strength test according computations cause",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ultra-high-frequency-uhf/",
      "title": "Ultra-High Frequency (UHF)",
      "text": "frequency band 300 3000 mhz bank radio frequencies used military airground voice communications instances may go low 225 still referred uhf",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/ultralight-vehicle/",
      "title": "Ultralight Vehicle",
      "text": "single occupant aeronautical vehicle operated sport recreational purposes which does require faa registration airworthiness certificate pilot certification operation ultralight certain airspace requires authorization atc",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/unable/",
      "title": "UNABLE",
      "text": "indicates inability comply specific instruction request clearance",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/unassociated/",
      "title": "Unassociated",
      "text": "radar target that does display data block flight identification altitude information",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/uncaging/",
      "title": "Uncaging",
      "text": "unlocking gimbals gyroscopic instrument making susceptible damage by abrupt flight maneuvers rough handling",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/uncontrolled-airspace/",
      "title": "Uncontrolled Airspace",
      "text": "airspace which aircraft are subject controlled class b c d e separation criteria pcg definition g that been designated air traffic control authority responsibility however pilots remember vfr minimums apply phak",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/under-the-hood/",
      "title": "Under The Hood",
      "text": "indicates that pilot using hood restrict visibility outside cockpit while simulating instrument flight appropriately rated required control seat operation being conducted",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/underpower/",
      "title": "Underpower",
      "text": "using less power required purpose achieving faster rate airspeed change",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/unfrozen/",
      "title": "Unfrozen",
      "text": "scheduled time arrival sta tags which are still being rescheduled by based flow management tbfm calculations aircraft remain unfrozen until corresponding estimated eta tag passes preset freeze horizon that aircrafts stream class point automatic rescheduling stop becomes frozen",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/unicom/",
      "title": "UNICOM",
      "text": "nongovernment communication facility which may provide airport information certain airports locations frequencies unicoms are shown aeronautical charts publications",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/united-states/",
      "title": "United States",
      "text": "geographical sense means states district columbia puerto rico possessions including territorial waters airspace areas",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/united-states-air-carrier/",
      "title": "United States air carrier",
      "text": "citizen united states who undertakes directly by lease arrangement engage air transportation",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/united-states-terminal-procedures-publication-tpp/",
      "title": "United States Terminal Procedures Publication (TPP)",
      "text": "booklets published regional format by faa aeronautical navigation products aeronav that include dps stars iaps information pertinent ifr flight",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/unmanned-aircraft-ua/",
      "title": "Unmanned Aircraft (UA)",
      "text": "device used intended flight that onboard pilot type airplane helicopter airship powered lift aircraft unmanned free balloons moored tethered gliders rockets are considered ua",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/unmanned-aircraft-system-uas/",
      "title": "Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS)",
      "text": "unmanned aircraft its associated elements related safe operations which may include control stations ground ship air based links support equipment payloads flight termination systems launchrecovery consists three station data link",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/unpublished-route/",
      "title": "Unpublished Route",
      "text": "route which minimum altitude published charted pilot use may include direct navaids radial radar vector final approach course beyond segments instrument procedure",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/unreliable-gps-waas/",
      "title": "Unreliable (GPS/WAAS)",
      "text": "advisory pilots indicating expected level service gps andor waas may available must determine adequacy signal desired use",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/unusual-attitude/",
      "title": "Unusual attitude",
      "text": "unintentional unanticipated extreme aircraft attitude",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/upwind-leg/",
      "title": "Upwind Leg",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/urban-air-mobility-uam/",
      "title": "Urban Air Mobility (UAM)",
      "text": "subset advanced air mobility aam referring transportation system utilizing highly automated aircraft transport passengers cargo urbansuburban areas",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/urgency/",
      "title": "Urgency",
      "text": "condition being concerned safety requiring timely immediate assistance potential distress",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/urgency-[icao]/",
      "title": "Urgency [ICAO]",
      "text": "condition concerning safety aircraft vehicle person board sight which does require immediate assistance",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/useful-load/",
      "title": "Useful load",
      "text": "weight pilot copilot passengers baggage usable fuel drainable oil basic empty subtracted maximum allowable gross term applies general aviation aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/user-defined-waypoints/",
      "title": "User-defined waypoints",
      "text": "waypoint location data which may input by user gps database information that altered edited",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/v-speeds/",
      "title": "V Speeds",
      "text": "v1 takeoff decision speed maximum which pilot must take first action eg apply brakes reduce thrust deploy stop airplane within accelerate distance also means minimum following failure critical engine vef continue achieve required height surface vr rotation v2 safety that attained maintained throughout second segment 35 ft runway acceleration altitude provides essentially best angle climb one inoperative condition v2min va design maneuvering vb gust intensity vc cruising vd diving vdf mdf assumed fail vf flap vfe extended vfs final vfto vh level flight continuous power vmc control vmommo operating limit vmo mach number mmo vref reference landing vs stalling steady controllable vs0 configuration small airplanes stall weight gear flaps lower white arc vs1 obtained specified clean retractable green vsr vsr1 specific vsro vsw onset natural artificial warning occurs vx airspeed gains greatest amount given used short field clear obstacle vy rate gain period time vyse light twin",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/v-g-diagram/",
      "title": "V-G diagram",
      "text": "chart that relates velocity load factor valid specific weight configuration altitude shows maximum amount positive negative lift airplane capable generating given speed also safe limits aircraft sustain various speeds",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/v-tail/",
      "title": "V-tail",
      "text": "design which utilizes two slanted tail surfaces perform functions conventional elevator rudder configuration fixed act horizontal vertical stabilizers",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/v1/",
      "title": "V1",
      "text": "maximum speed takeoff which pilot must take first action eg apply brakes reduce thrust deploy stop airplane within accelerate distance v1 also means minimum following failure critical engine vef continue achieve required height surface",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/v2/",
      "title": "V2",
      "text": "takeoff safety speed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/v2min/",
      "title": "V2min",
      "text": "minimum takeoff safety speed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/va/",
      "title": "VA",
      "text": "design maneuvering speed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vapor-lock/",
      "title": "Vapor lock",
      "text": "problem that mostly affects gasoline fuelled internal combustion engines occurs liquid fuel changes state gas while still delivery system disrupts operation pump causing loss feed pressure carburetor injection resulting transient power complete stalling restarting engine may difficult vaporize due being heated by local climate lower boiling point high altitude",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/variation/",
      "title": "Variation",
      "text": "compass error caused by difference physical locations magnetic north pole geographic",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vb/",
      "title": "VB",
      "text": "design speed maximum gust intensity",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vc/",
      "title": "VC",
      "text": "design cruising speed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vd/",
      "title": "VD",
      "text": "design diving speed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vdf-mdf/",
      "title": "VDF/MDF",
      "text": "means demonstrated flight diving speed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vector/",
      "title": "Vector",
      "text": "heading issued aircraft provide navigational guidance by radar",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vector-force/",
      "title": "Vector (force)",
      "text": "force vector graphic representation shows magnitude direction",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vectoring/",
      "title": "Vectoring",
      "text": "navigational guidance by assigning headings",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vef/",
      "title": "VEF",
      "text": "means speed which critical engine assumed fail takeoff",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/velocity/",
      "title": "Velocity",
      "text": "speed rate movement certain direction",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/venturi-tube/",
      "title": "Venturi tube",
      "text": "specially shaped tube attached outside aircraft produce suction allow proper operation gyro instruments",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/verify/",
      "title": "VERIFY",
      "text": "request confirmation information eg verify assigned altitude",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/verify-specific-direction-of-takeoff-or-turns-after-takeoff/",
      "title": "Verify Specific Direction of Takeoff (or turns after takeoff)",
      "text": "used by atc ascertain aircrafts direction takeoff andor turn normally ifr departures airport having control tower direct communication pilot possible request information may relayed fss dispacther means",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vertex/",
      "title": "Vertex",
      "text": "last fix adapted arrival speed segments normally outer marker runway use however may actual threshold suitable common point approach path particular configuration",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vertex-time-of-arrival-vta/",
      "title": "Vertex Time of Arrival (VTA)",
      "text": "calculated time aircraft arrival adapted vertex runway configuration use via optimum flight path using speed segments",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vertical-axis/",
      "title": "Vertical axis",
      "text": "imaginary line passing vertically center gravity aircraft vertical axis called z yaw",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vertical-card-compass/",
      "title": "Vertical card compass",
      "text": "magnetic compass that consists azimuth vertical card resembling heading indicator fixed miniature airplane accurately present aircraft design uses eddy current damping minimize lead lag turns",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vertical-navigation-vnav/",
      "title": "Vertical Navigation (VNAV)",
      "text": "function area navigation rnav equipment which calculates displays provides vertical guidance profile path",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vertical-separation/",
      "title": "Vertical Separation",
      "text": "separation aircraft expressed units vertical distance",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vertical-speed-indicator-vsi/",
      "title": "Vertical speed indicator (VSI)",
      "text": "rate pressure change instrument that gives indication deviation constant level",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vertical-stability-stability-about-an-aircrafts-vertical-axis/",
      "title": "Vertical stability. Stability about an aircraft’s vertical axis",
      "text": "also called yawing directional stability",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vertical-takeoff-and-landing-aircraft-vtol/",
      "title": "Vertical Takeoff And Landing Aircraft (VTOL)",
      "text": "aircraft capable vertical climbs andor descents using short runways small areas takeoff landings these include are limited helicopters",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/very-high-frequency-vhf/",
      "title": "Very High Frequency (VHF)",
      "text": "frequency band 30 300 mhz portions 108 118 are used certain navaids 136 civil airground voice communications frequencies purposes related air traffic control",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/very-high-frequency-omnidirectional-range-vor/",
      "title": "Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range (VOR)",
      "text": "electronic navigation equipment which flight deck instrument identifies radial line vor station measured degrees clockwise magnetic north along aircraft located",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/very-low-frequency-vlf/",
      "title": "Very Low Frequency (VLF)",
      "text": "frequency band 30 khz",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vestibule/",
      "title": "Vestibule",
      "text": "central cavity bony labyrinth ear parts membranous that contains",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vf/",
      "title": "VF",
      "text": "design flap speed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vfc-fc/",
      "title": "VFC/FC",
      "text": "maximum speed stability characteristics",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vfe/",
      "title": "VFE",
      "text": "maximum flap extended speed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vfr-aircraft/",
      "title": "VFR Aircraft",
      "text": "aircraft conducting flight accordance visual rules",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vfr-conditions/",
      "title": "VFR Conditions",
      "text": "weather conditions equal better minimum flight visual rules term may used atc clearanceinstruction ifr aircraft requests climbdescent vfr clearance result noise abatement benefits part departure route does conform faa approved altitude pilot requested practice instrument approach plan note pilots receiving authorization must comply visibility distance cloud criteria 14 cfr 91 use relieve controllers their responsibility separate class b c airspace trsas required by order jo 711065 abbreviated eg maintain climbdescend etc",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vfr-flight/",
      "title": "VFR Flight",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vfr-military-training-routes-vr/",
      "title": "VFR Military Training Routes (VR)",
      "text": "routes used by department defense associated reserve air guard units purpose conducting low altitude navigation tactical training vfr 10000 feet msl airspeeds excess 250 knots ias",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vfr-not-recommended/",
      "title": "VFR NOT RECOMMENDED",
      "text": "advisory provided by flight service station pilot preflight inflight weather briefing that visual rules recommended given current andor forecast conditions are vfr minimums does abrogate pilots authority make hisher decision",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vfr-over-the-top/",
      "title": "VFR Over the Top",
      "text": "respect operation aircraft means top vfr being operated ifr flight plan far definition which operates conditions undercast phak",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vfr-terminal-area-chart/",
      "title": "VFR terminal area chart",
      "text": "scale 1250000 chart that depicts class b airspace which provides control segregation aircraft within topographic information aeronautical including visual radio aids navigation airports controlled restricted areas obstructions related data",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vfr-terminal-area-charts-tac/",
      "title": "VFR Terminal Area Charts (TAC)",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vfr-waypoint/",
      "title": "VFR Waypoint",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vfr-on-top/",
      "title": "VFR-On-Top",
      "text": "atc authorization ifr aircraft operate vfr conditions appropriate altitude specified 14 cfr restricted by pilot receiving must comply visibility distance cloud criteria minimum altitudes part 91 use term does relieve controllers their responsibility separate class b c airspace trsas required faa order jo 711065",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vfs/",
      "title": "Vfs",
      "text": "final segment takeoff speed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vfto/",
      "title": "VFTO",
      "text": "final takeoff speed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vh/",
      "title": "VH",
      "text": "maximum speed level flight continuous power",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vhf-omnidirectional-range-tactical-air-navigation-vortac/",
      "title": "VHF Omnidirectional Range/Tactical Air Navigation (VORTAC)",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/victor-airways/",
      "title": "Victor Airways",
      "text": "airways based centerline that extends one vor vortac navigation aid intersection another several aids intersections used establish known route en procedures terminal areas",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/video-map/",
      "title": "Video Map",
      "text": "electronically displayed map radar display that may depict data airports heliports runway centerline extensions hospital emergency landing areas navaids fixes reporting points airwayroute centerlines boundaries handoff special use tracks obstructions prominent geographic features alignment indicators range accuracy marks andor minimum vectoring altitudes",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/visibility/",
      "title": "Visibility",
      "text": "ability determined by atmospheric conditions expressed units distance see identify prominent unlighted objects day lighted night visibility reported statute miles hundreds feet meters",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/visibility-[icao]/",
      "title": "Visibility [ICAO]",
      "text": "ability determined by atmospheric conditions expressed units distance see identify prominent unlighted objects day lighted night flight visibility forward cockpit aircraft ground aerodrome reported accredited observer runway visual range rvr which pilot centerline surface markings lights delineating identifying its",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/visual-approach/",
      "title": "Visual Approach",
      "text": "approach conducted instrument flight rules ifr plan which authorizes pilot proceed visually clear clouds airport must times have either preceding aircraft sight authorized control appropriate air traffic facility reported weather ceiling 1000 feet visibility miles greater",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/visual-approach-[icao]/",
      "title": "Visual Approach [ICAO]",
      "text": "approach by ifr flight either part instrument procedure completed executed visual reference terrain",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/visual-approach-slope-indicator-vasi/",
      "title": "Visual approach slope indicator (VASI)",
      "text": "visual aid lights arranged provide descent guidance information approach runway pilot correct glideslope see red white",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/visual-climb-over-airport-vcoa/",
      "title": "Visual Climb Over Airport (VCOA)",
      "text": "departure option ifr aircraft operating visual meteorological conditions equal greater specified visibility ceiling visually conduct climbing turns airport published climb altitude which proceed instrument portion vcoa procedures are developed avoid obstacles statute miles end runway alternative complying gradients 200 feet per nautical mile pilots responsible advise atc early possible intent fly prior these textual take minimums obstacle section terminal publications andor appear graphic odp",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/visual-descent-point-vdp/",
      "title": "Visual Descent Point (VDP)",
      "text": "defined point final approach course nonprecision straight procedure which normal descent mda runway touchdown may commenced provided threshold that lights markings identifiable end are clearly visible pilot",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/visual-flight-rules-vfr/",
      "title": "Visual Flight Rules (VFR)",
      "text": "rules that govern procedures conducting flight visual conditions term vfr also used united states indicate weather are equal greater minimum requirements addition by pilots controllers type plan pcg definition adopted faa governing aircraft using references operations specify amount ceiling visibility pilot must have order operate according these cannot he she use instrument ifr phak",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/visual-holding/",
      "title": "Visual Holding",
      "text": "condition operations wherein operator maintains continuous unaided visual contact unmanned aircraft",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/visual-line-of-sight-vlos/",
      "title": "Visual Line of Sight (VLOS)",
      "text": "holding aircraft selected prominent geographical fixes which easily recognized air",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/visual-meteorological-conditions-vmc/",
      "title": "Visual meteorological conditions (VMC)",
      "text": "meteorological conditions expressed terms visibility distance cloud ceiling meeting exceeding minimums specified vfr",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/visual-separation/",
      "title": "Visual Separation",
      "text": "means employed by atc separate aircraft terminal areas en route airspace nas are two ways effect separation tower controller sees involved issues instructions necessary ensure that avoid pilot upon provides hisher maneuvering asnecessary may involve following another keeping sight until longer factor",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vmc/",
      "title": "VMC",
      "text": "means minimum control speed critical engine inoperative",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vmo-mmo/",
      "title": "VMO/MMO",
      "text": "maximum operating limit speed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/voice-switching-and-control-system-vscs/",
      "title": "Voice Switching And Control System (VSCS)",
      "text": "computer controlled switching system that provides air traffic controllers voice circuits ground necessary control",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vor/",
      "title": "VOR",
      "text": "ground based electronic navigation aid transmitting high frequency signals 360 degrees azimuth oriented magnetic north used basis national airspace system vor periodically identifies itself by morse code may have additional voice identification feature features atc fss instructionsinformation pilots",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vor-test-facility-vot/",
      "title": "VOR test facility (VOT)",
      "text": "ground facility which emits test signal check vor receiver accuracy vots are available user while airborne others limited use",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vor-test-signal/",
      "title": "VOR Test Signal",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vortac/",
      "title": "VORTAC",
      "text": "facility consisting two components vor tacan which provides three individual services azimuth distance dme one site",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vortices/",
      "title": "Vortices",
      "text": "circular patterns air created by movement airfoil generating lift moves atmosphere sustained flight area low pressure flowing high around tips tends roll two rapidly rotating vortices cylindrical shape these are predominant parts aircraft wake turbulence their rotational force dependent upon wing loading gross weight speed medium super extremely velocity hazardous smaller",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vot/",
      "title": "VOT",
      "text": "ground facility which emits test signal check vor receiver accuracy vots are available user while airborne others limited use",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vr/",
      "title": "VR",
      "text": "rotation speed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vref/",
      "title": "VREF",
      "text": "reference landing speed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vs/",
      "title": "VS",
      "text": "stalling speed minimum steady flight which airplane controllable",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vs0/",
      "title": "VS0",
      "text": "stalling speed minimum steady flight landing configuration small airplanes power stall maximum weight gear flaps lower limit white arc",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vs1/",
      "title": "VS1",
      "text": "stalling speed minimum steady flight obtained specified configuration airplanes power stall maximum takeoff weight clean gear retractable flaps lower limit green arc",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vsr/",
      "title": "VSR",
      "text": "reference stall speed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vsr1/",
      "title": "VSR1",
      "text": "reference stall speed specific configuration",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vsro/",
      "title": "VSRO",
      "text": "reference stall speed landing configuration",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vsw/",
      "title": "VSW",
      "text": "speed which onset natural artificial stall warning occurs",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vx/",
      "title": "VX",
      "text": "best angle climb speed airspeed which airplane gains greatest amount altitude given distance used short field takeoff clear obstacle",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vy/",
      "title": "VY",
      "text": "best rate climb speed airspeed provides altitude gain given period time",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/vyse/",
      "title": "VYSE",
      "text": "best rate climb speed one engine inoperative airspeed provides altitude gain given period time light twin airplane following failure",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/wake-turbulence/",
      "title": "Wake Turbulence",
      "text": "phenomenon that occurs aircraft develops lift forms pair counter rotating vortices pcg definition wingtip are created airplane generates air spills wingtips high pressure areas wings low flow causes rapidly whirlpools called wake turbulence phak",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/warm-front/",
      "title": "Warm front",
      "text": "boundary area formed warm air mass contacts flows colder fronts cause low ceilings rain",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/warning-area/",
      "title": "Warning area.",
      "text": "warning area airspace defined dimensions extending nautical miles outward coast united states that contains activity may hazardous nonparticipating aircraft purpose areas warn pilots potential danger located domestic international waters",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/waste-gate/",
      "title": "Waste gate",
      "text": "controllable valve tailpipe aircraft reciprocating engine equipped turbocharger controlled vary amount exhaust gases forced turbine",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/waypoint/",
      "title": "Waypoint",
      "text": "predetermined geographical position used routeinstrument approach definition progress reports published vfr routes visual reporting points transitioning andor circumnavigating controlled special use airspace that defined relative vortac station terms latitudelongitude coordinates",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/weather-advisory/",
      "title": "Weather Advisory",
      "text": "aviation weather forecast practice expression hazardous conditions predicted surface cloud area they affect operation air traffic prepared by nws",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/weather-and-radar-processor-warp/",
      "title": "Weather and radar processor (WARP)",
      "text": "device that provides real time accurate predictive strategic weather information presented integrated manner national airspace system nas",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/weather-depiction-chart/",
      "title": "Weather depiction chart",
      "text": "details surface conditions derived metar observations",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/weather-reconnaissance-area-wra/",
      "title": "Weather Reconnaissance Area (WRA)",
      "text": "wra airspace defined dimensions published by notice air missions which established support weather reconnaissanceresearch flights traffic control services are provided within wras participating aircraft 53rd reconnaissance squadron national oceanic atmospheric administration operations center permitted operate may us flight information regions outside territorial",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/weight/",
      "title": "Weight",
      "text": "force exerted by aircraft pull gravity",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/weight-shift-control-aircraft/",
      "title": "Weight-shift-control aircraft",
      "text": "powered aircraft framed pivoting wing fuselage controllable pitch roll by pilots ability change aircrafts center gravity respect flight control depends wings flexibly deform rather use surfaces",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/wet-ice/",
      "title": "Wet ice",
      "text": "ice that melting depth water top",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/wet-lease/",
      "title": "Wet lease",
      "text": "leasing arrangement whereby person agrees provide entire aircraft least one crewmember wet lease does include code sharing",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/wet-runway/",
      "title": "Wet runway",
      "text": "runway wet neither dry nor contaminated purposes condition reporting airplane performance beconsidered 25 percent surface area within reported length width being used covered by visible dampness water that 18 inch mm less depth",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/wet-snow/",
      "title": "Wet snow",
      "text": "snow that grains coated liquid water which bonds mass together excess pore space well compacted solid snowball made squeeze",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/when-able/",
      "title": "WHEN ABLE",
      "text": "conjunction atc instructions gives pilot latitude delay compliance until condition event been reconciled unlike discretion are prefaced able expected seek first opportunity comply weather deviation clearance requires determine heshe clear execute maneuver initiated continue specifications have met used expeditious required",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/wide-area-multilateration-wam/",
      "title": "Wide Area Multilateration (WAM)",
      "text": "distributed surveillance technology which may utilize combination signals air traffic control radar beacon system atcrbs modes c mode transponders ads b transmissions multiple geographically dispersed ground sensors measure time arrival transponder messages aircraft position determined by joint processing difference tdoa measurements computed reference stations measured",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/wide-area-augmentation-system-waas/",
      "title": "Wide-Area Augmentation System (WAAS)",
      "text": "waas satellite navigation system consisting equipment software which augments gps standard positioning service sps provides enhanced integrity accuracy availability continuity differential correction function improved required precision approach",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/wilco/",
      "title": "WILCO",
      "text": "have received your message understand comply",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/wind-correction-angle-wca/",
      "title": "Wind correction angle (WCA)",
      "text": "angle desired track heading aircraft necessary keep tracking",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/wind-direction-indicators/",
      "title": "Wind direction indicators",
      "text": "indicators that include wind sock tee tetrahedron visual reference determine direction runway use",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/wind-grid-display/",
      "title": "Wind Grid Display",
      "text": "display that presents latest forecasted wind data overlaid map artcc area automatically entered updated periodically by transmissions national weather service winds specific altitudes along temperatures air pressure viewed",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/wind-shear/",
      "title": "Wind Shear",
      "text": "change wind speed andor direction short distance resulting tearing shearing effect exist horizontal vertical occasionally",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/wind-shear-escape/",
      "title": "Wind Shear Escape",
      "text": "unplanned abortive maneuver initiated by pilot command pic result onboard cockpit systems wind shear escapes are characterized maximum thrust climbs low altitude terminal environment until conditions longer detected",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/winds-and-temperature-aloft-forecast-fb/",
      "title": "Winds and temperature aloft forecast (FB)",
      "text": "twice daily forecast that provides wind temperature forecasts specific locations contiguous united states",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/wing-area/",
      "title": "Wing area",
      "text": "total surface wing square feet which includes control surfaces may include area covered by fuselage main body airplane engine nacelles",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/wing-root/",
      "title": "Wing root",
      "text": "wing root part fixed aircraft that closest fuselage roots usually bear highest bending forces flight landing they often have fairings reduce interference drag opposite end tip",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/wing-span/",
      "title": "Wing span",
      "text": "maximum distance wingtip",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/wing-tip-vortices/",
      "title": "Wing Tip Vortices",
      "text": "",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/wing-twist/",
      "title": "Wing twist",
      "text": "design feature incorporated wings improve aileron control effectiveness high angles attack approach stall",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/winglet-or-tip-fin/",
      "title": "Winglet or tip fin",
      "text": "plane surface extending lifting may have control surfaces",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/wings/",
      "title": "Wings",
      "text": "airfoils attached side fuselage are main lifting surfaces that support airplane flight",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/wingtip-vortices/",
      "title": "Wingtip vortices",
      "text": "rapidly rotating air that spills airplanes wings flight intensity turbulence depends weight speed configuration also referred wake vortices heavy aircraft may extremely hazardous small",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/words-twice/",
      "title": "WORDS TWICE",
      "text": "request communication difficult please say every phrase twice information since communications are message spoken",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/work/",
      "title": "Work",
      "text": "measurement force used produce movement",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/world-aeronautical-charts-wac/",
      "title": "World Aeronautical Charts (WAC)",
      "text": "standard series aeronautical charts covering land areas world size scale convenient navigation 11000000 by moderate speed aircraft topographic information includes cities towns principal roads railroads distinctive landmarks drainage relief visual radio aids airports airways restricted obstructions pertinent data",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/years-in-service/",
      "title": "Years in service",
      "text": "calendar time elapsed since aircraft issued its first us foreign airworthiness certificate",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/zone-of-confusion/",
      "title": "Zone of confusion",
      "text": "volume space station lack adequate navigation signal directly vor causes needle deviate",
      "type": "glossary"
    },{
      "url": "/glossary/zulu-time/",
      "title": "Zulu time",
      "text": "term used aviation coordinated universal time utc which places entire world one standard",
      "type": "glossary"
    }]
}